Tony Blair - Address to US Congress Accepting the Congressional Gold Medal free essay sample

Basically CONTRAST THE KEY ELEMENT OF GUCCI’S MARKETING STRATEGY TO ITS CLOSEST COMPETITOR. Legitimize WHY YOU HAVE CHOSEN THIS COMPANY AS GUCCI’S CLOSEST COMPETITORS Gucci is one of the most remarkable pioneers in extravagance design advertise. Gucci is established by Guccio Gucci in 1921 in Florence, Italy. Presently, Gucci is the piece of Gucci Group and Pinault Printemps Recloute (PPR). The globalization of the style condition and lift in the western economies change Gucci from a little Italian organization in to enormous extravagance design brand in worldwide level. In 1980s, Gucci had lost its intrigue and turned into a cheap brand and was likewise in profound money related emergency. However, Tom Ford raised Gucci from dead and discovered the company’s driving status and keeps up their client dependability. He made Gucci’s picture as: smooth, hot, and brave. What's more, Frida Giannini the new imaginative chief of Gucci after Tom Ford changed the picture of Gucci from hot to exotic nature. There are different sides to a brand like Gucci: the spectacular, truly popular side yet additionally with its foundations and legacy of 90yrs history and craftsmans working for Gucci. (Frida Giannini , The Times, sept 5, 2009) For the Gucci’s resurrection advertising blend assumes a fundamental job. The idea of 4Ps or the advertising blend is to clarify the relationship of item, value, advancement and spot with in the brand/business. The showcasing blend is set of promoting devices that the firm uses to seek after its advertising goals in the objective market. Thus, this hypothesis recommends that all brands/business need the correct item, sell that item at right cost, in the ideal spot, utilizing the most appropriate advancement. Fundamentally marks utilize this idea to draw in their objective customer to coordinate their needs and requests. Out of these 4Ps item is primary centered zone of advertising blend in light of the fact that the item is mix of unmistakable and immaterial offer that a brand offers to client to bring in cash. Item tends to the need of purchaser. The item must have the correct highlights like: it must look great and function admirably. â€Å"When all around structured, great quality item is at the foundation of the advertising effort it regularly includes a level of realness and truthfulness to the showcasing system. † (Gary Aspden †Adidas) For instance: buyer needs to fit in with the friend gathering and the issue of how best to do this is tackled by wearing specific brand’s stylish item. Acing Fashion Marketing, Tim Jackson, 2008). As referenced before that item is the fundamental component of the showcasing blend and in that item classification footwear is the primary centered region. â€Å"Shoes are consistently the most significant thing since they are what your identity is . They change the manner in which you walk, the manner in which you move. † †Tom Ford The market for the footwear class is United Kingdom. The explanation for picking this market is that the United Kingdom footwear showcase, the estimation of this market is arrived at a record high of over ? bn in 2008. The UK is one of Europe’s driving footwear markets, representing almost 19% of the European footwear deals. PRODUCTSGUCCIPRADACHANELLouis Vuitton Women’s wear Men’s wear Shoes Hand Bags Jewelry Fragrance Watches Eye wear Beauty items X Hats Tie Scarves Based on the previously mentioned table Gucci's rivals are Prada, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. The purposes for taking just these brands are these four brands are extremely well known in extravagance advertise everywhere throughout the world. In this way, through this table get the essential thought of the item astute correlation in these four brands. All the four brands have practically comparative items however the character is extraordinary. Gucci is considerably more like Prada regarding brand picture and item correlation. The brand picture of Gucci and Prada is exceptionally enchanting, incredible, cultivated, attractive and chic. Where as Chanel and Louis Vuitton have exceptionally shrewd, exemplary, refined and develop character. As far as costs Gucci and Prada go connected at the hip while Louis Vuitton and Chanel are very costly as contrast with Gucci and Prada. While contrasting the brand estimation of these brands and the positioning of Top 100 Brands Louis Vuitton remains on seventeenth position with the brand estimation of $21,120millions, Gucci remains on 45th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions, Chanel remains on 60th position with the brand estimation of $6040 millions and Prada remains on 91th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions. Along these lines, as contrasting the brand worth and rank of top 100 brands Chanel will be the nearest contender of Gucci. Be that as it may, here the examination depends on the item in this way, Prada will the Gucci’s nearest contender on the grounds that according to the product offering and brand picture Prada is Gucci’s nearest contender. GucciPrada As, referenced prior in the product offering Prada is the nearest contender of Gucci. Here, the pictures from Prada and Gucci men’s footwear assortment of Spring Summer 2010. The structure of the item is comparative, state of the shoes is likewise comparative, and material they utilized is additionally same. The cut detail of the outside counter of the shoes is additionally comparable. From the top view both the shoes look fundamentally the same as The sewing point of interest is comparable however Gucci gave dull shading channeling on the toe top and gave same shading sewing where as Prada gave differentiate shading sewing enumerating which is very observable. The shades of these shoes are distinctive Gucci utilized Bordeaux shading in softened cowhide material which gives extremely dull look while Prada utilized same material in Red shading which gives exceptionally brilliant and keen look. Prada likewise gave a logo on side of the shoe while Gucci gave green, red and green shading web stripe. The enumerating on the tongue of the shoes is likewise unique Gucci gave crisscross look on the edge which gave an unpleasant look however its completed where Prada gave completed look sewing which give complex look. The coating of the both the shoes are likewise comparative as far as shading and calfskin in sole logo. The shade of the sole is additionally comparative yet itemizing is distinctive Gucci gave their own image logo enumerating on the elastic sole where as Prada utilized decent specifying on drive sole. The cost of Gucci’s shoes is $530 where as Prada shoes cost around $557. Great plan and shading and with reasonable value Prada is better than Gucci in this correlation. Gucci Prada This promoting effort is for Autumn Winter 2009/10 for Prada and Gucci for the footwear assortment. In both the promoting effort both the brand concentrated distinctly on the item. Gucci’s items are exceptionally gleaming and spectacular which speaks to urban, delightful, youthful and chic look. Where as Prada shoes are enlivened by Trojan protective cap/headgear which gives extremely a la mode and cool look and more spotlight on item enumerating. Gucci ( Gucci’s store show window is extremely essential with aroma bottle shape with yellow light and satchel shape with pink light and setting is brightened with Gucci logo. In the showcase Gucci show sacks and shoes together. The feeling and the light impact give rich look to Gucci’s show window. In the showcase window Gucci just showed their essential and great sack and shoes. While Gucci’s picture is exotic, smooth and attractive, however through this window show Gucci can not pass on its image picture. In any case, the light impact, atmosphere and item supplement one another. Be that as it may, this showcase doesn't Whereas Prada’s window show is absolutely inverse to Gucci’s window show. Prada give more spotlight on their item in the presentation window. Prada utilized six silver mannequins to show their footwear and which gave exceptionally stylish look. Indeed, even the shade of footwear is extremely decent and eye snappy when it put on those silver mannequins. The situation of the mannequins is likewise extremely decent, they showed 3 mannequins the correct way and rest of 3 mannequins they simply flip it with the goal that the item can feature more. Furthermore, they utilized white lights for the presentation. Along these lines, through this window show Prada pass on their image picture which in vogue, savvy, provocative and exotic. In this manner, to finish up we can say that Prada is Gucci’s nearest contenders. The explanation for this is Prada offer practically all the item which Gucci offers and the brand picture of Gucci and Prada is same which is provocative, smooth, sexy and savvy. In product offering in a similar season Gucci and Prada offers practically comparable shoes however Prada’s shoes are brilliant and in vogue where as Gucci’s shoes give dull look. Along these lines, from that correlation Gucci can't keep up their image picture where as Prada’s shoes are straightforward however Prada keep up their image picture which is exceptionally brilliant. While contrasting the publicizing effort and the store show window, Prada and Gucci go inseparably as far as pass on the message through promoting effort and furthermore feature their picture through store atmosphere. Be that as it may, Gucci has 278 stores all around the globe where as Prada have 128 stores far and wide. Along these lines, universally Gucci is more celebrated than Prada. The brand estimation of Gucci is more than Prada. Reference: Websites: http://bwnt. businessweek. com/interactive_reports/best_global_brands_2009/list. asp? sortCol=rankid=1=2=50 http://www. stanforddaily. com/2009/03/06/milan-style week-genders out/http://www. researchandmarkets. com/research/34a553/footwear_market_re Books: Journals: Images: Prada Display: http://williamyan. com/blog/2009/7/24/retail-prada-window-show in-soho. html) Gucci show: http://www. bobbintalk. com/2009/11/window-shopping-gucci. html

Stock Market Performance and Economic Activity Relationship

Financial exchange Performance and Economic Activity Relationship Presentation The discussion of whether financial exchange is related with monetary development or the securities exchange can be filled in as the financial marker to anticipate future. As per numerous financial experts securities exchange can be an explanation behind the future downturn if there is a gigantic decline in the stock cost or the other way around. Be that as it may, there are proof of disputable issue about the capacity of forecast from the securities exchange isn't dependable if there is a circumstance like 1987 securities exchange slammed followed by the monetary downturn and 1997 money related emergencies. (Financial exchange and monetary development in Malaysia: causality test). The point of the investigation is to discover the connection between the securities exchange execution and the genuine financial movement in the event of four nations The UK, The USA, Malaysia and Japan. With my restricted information I have attempted to discover the job of monetary improvement in animating financial development. A great deal of financial analysts have distinctive view about securities exchange improvement and the monetary development. On the off chance that we center around some related writing distributed on this subject one inquiry emerges: Is financial improvement is influenced by securities exchange advancement? Despite the fact that there are heaps of discussion on some are stating that securities exchange can support the economy however the impact of financial exchange in the economy particularly in the economy is practically nothing. Ross Levine recommended in his paper distributed in 1998 that ongoing proof proposed securities exchange can truly give a blast to monetary development. (REFERENCE) It isn't generally conceivable to quantify the development by essentially taking a gander at the ups and down in the securities exchange pointer and by taking a gander at the paces of development in GDP. A great deal of things can cause in the development of securities exchange like changes in the financial framework, remote interest in the in the money related market may take part emphatically. Obviously it appears that these improvements can cause advancement of securities exchange followed by the great monetary development. Be that as it may, to check the precision one required to follow a suitable technique which would seriously quantify whether stock cost is truly affecting the monetary development or not? In my work I have attempted to discover the co coordinating connection between Stock cost and GDP and attempted to check if there is a since quite a while ago run and short run connection between the stock cost and GDP. The strategy utilized for the investigations is Engle Granger co joining technique. To do this I have utilized ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test) to check for the fixed conduct of the factors and afterward I have played out the Engle Granger Engle Granger co incorporation technique followed by leftover based blunder rectification model. To check for the short run relationship I have utilized second stage Engle Granger co joining technique. To check the causal impact of the four nations securities exchange and financial development I utilized Granger Causality Method. In this paper I have surveyed a few investigations of researchers which I have talked about on the writing audit part. This paper contains five sections Section two is about the writing dependent on the past wok of researchers. Section Three talked about the Data. Section four is about the approach, Results are talked about on section five and section six is about the rundown and finish of the entire investigation. In my work I have established there is no since a long time ago run connection between financial exchange and monetary development in each of the four nations. What's more there is no causal connection between stock list yield and the national economy development rate. The observational aftereffects of the proposition reasons that the chance of apparently unusual connection between the stock record and national economy of these for nations. Writing Review: Financial exchange adds to monetary development in various manners either legitimately or in a roundabout way. The elements of financial exchange are reserve funds preparation, Liquidity creation, and Risk expansion, keep control on disintermediation, data picking up and upgraded motivation for corporate control. The connection between financial exchange and monetary development has gotten an issue of broad investigation. There is constantly an inquiry whether the financial exchange straightforwardly impact monetary development. A great deal of research and results shows that there is a solid connection between securities exchange and financial development. Proof on whether money related improvement causes development help to accommodate these perspectives. On the off chance that we return to the investigation of Schumpeter (1912) his examinations accentuates the positive effect on the improvement of a countrys money related part fair and square and the potential danger of misfortunes brought about by the antagonistic choice and good peril or exchange costs are contended by him how important the pace of development contends that budgetary segments gives of reallocating funding to limit the potential misfortunes. Observational proof from lord and Levine (1983) show that the degree of money related intermediation is acceptable indicator of since quite a while ago run paces of development, capital aggregation and efficiency. Upgraded liquidity of money related market prompts budgetary turn of events and speculators can without much of a stretch expand their hazard by making their portfolio in various ventures with higher speculation. Demiurgic and Maksimovic (1996) have discovered positive causal impacts of budgetary advancement on monetary development in accordance with the ‘supply driving theory. As indicated by his examinations nations with better budgetary framework has a smooth working securities exchange will in general develop a lot quicker as they approach genuinely necessary assets for monetarily obliged financial undertakings by the enormous productive banks. Related research was accomplished for as long as three decades concentrating on the job of monetary improvement in animating financial development they never viewed as about the securities exchange. An experimental investigation by Ming Men and Rui on Stock market record and financial development in China recommend that conceivable explanation of clear irregular connection between the stock Index and national economy in china. Clear unusual relationship might be a result of the accompanying explanation irregularity of Chinese GDP with the structure of its securities exchange, pretended by private area in development of GDP and disequilibrium of fund structure and so forth. The investigation was finished utilizing the cointegration strategy and Granger causality test, the general finding of the examination is Chinese fund showcase isn't assuming a significant job in financial turn of events. (Men M 2006 China paper). An article by Indrani Chakraborti dependent on the instance of India introduced in a class in kolkata in October, 2006 gives some data about the presence of since a long time ago run stable connection between stosk showcase capitalization, bank credit and development pace of genuine GDP. She utilized the idea of the granger causality subsequent to utilizing both the Engle-Granger and Johansen method. In her investigation she discovered GDP is co-coordinated with money related profundity, Volatility in the securities exchange and GDP development is co incorporated with all the discoveries the paper clarify that the in a general sense, monetary development is the reson for budgetary improvement in India.(Chakraboty Indrani). Not many authors from Malaysia found that financial exchange helps to foresee future economy. Securities exchange is related with financial development play as a hotspot for new private capital. Causal connection between the financial exchange and monetary development which was finished by utilizing the conventional test for causality by C.J. Granger and yearly Malaysia information for the period 1977-2006. The outcome from the investigation clarify that future forecast is conceivable by securities exchange. An examination concentrated on the connection between financial exchange execution and genuine monetary action in Turkey. The investigation shows presence of a since quite a while ago run connection between genuine financial action and stock prices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Result from the examination called attention to that monetary action increments after a stun in stock costs and afterward decreases in Turkish market from the subsequent quarter and a unitary (Turkish paper) A worldwide time arrangement investigation from 1980-1990 By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES gives some proof of the connection between securities exchange and monetary development. This paper depicts whether monetary development is encouraged by money related turn of events. He found that money related improvement has solid impact on financial development. (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) The investigation of Ross LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS on discovering the since a long time ago run connection between financial exchange and bank recommend a beneficial outcome both the factors has constructive outcome on monetary development. Universal coordination and instability isn't appropriately affected by capital securities exchange. What's more, private spare sparing rates are not in the least influenced by these monetary pointers. (Levine and Zervos 1998) Belgium Stock market concentrate with monetary advancement shows the positive since quite a while ago run connection between both the factors. In the event of Belgium the confirmations hush up solid that Economic development is brought about by the improvement of the securities exchange. It is progressively engaged between the period 1873 and 1935, essentially this period is considered as the time of quick industrialization in Belgium. The significance of the securities exchange in Belgium is progressively articulated after advancement of the financial exchange in 1867-1873. The time shifting nature of the connection between financial exchange advancement and monetary development is clarified by the institutional change in the stock trade. They likewise attempted to discover the relationship to the all inclusive financial framework. Before 1873 the monetary development depended on the financial framework and after 1873 securities exchange had the spot. (Financial exchange Development and monetary development in Belgium, Stijin Van Nieuwerburg, Ludo Cuyvers, Frans Buelens July 5, 2005) Senior business analyst of the World Banks Policy look into division Ross Levine has talked about Stock market in his paper Stock Markets: A Spur to financial development on the effect of advancement. Less hazardous ventures are conceivable in l

Attending an i-Program

Attending an i-Program Illinois Leadership Center This past school year, I had the opportunity to attend two different i-Programs through the Illinois Leadership Center. These programs focus on what it takes to be a great leader. The programs are free to university students and are typically held on Saturdays, and coffee, tea, and lunch are provided. Trained facilitators, alongside individual table leaders, guide attendees through program. Registration is available online. Rolls-Royce Innovation Last December, I attended the Innovate i-Program. The day began with registration. As I picked up my name tag and made my way to my assigned table, I found something stress-inducing at my seat: a Rubiks cube. I looked down at my cube for what felt like an eternity and, needless to say, did not complete it. By the time I gave up, I realized my table was full of other U of I students. Photo by Rachel Hernandez The conference was engaging and collaborative, and the day flew by. I found myself building relationships; the strangers who I started my day with are students I continue to keep in touch with. Oh, and the provided lunch was delicious, offering vegan options, sandwiches, salads, and soup. Innovate focused on the way we problem-solve, the skills needed to create, and the strengths each individual brings to a group. Everyone problem-solves in different ways. When we all bring our strengths together, problems can be solved more effectively and quickly. Through the guidance of our table leader, we were able to work through conflicts and resolve posed problems as a team. Petullo Insight Having had such a wonderful experience at my first i-Program, I decided to attend a second program in February. Similarly to Innovate, the insight conference began with registration and assigned tables. While I did not find a Rubiks cube at my seat, I did find a stack of post-it notes and was instructed to write my name on each. I then distributed my post-it notes around the room under large posters that read words like discipline, focus, and futuristic based on the results of my CliftonStrengths quiz. Photo from Illinois Leadership Center Once again, I was impressed and excited with the days agenda. The activities were challenging, riveting, and refreshing. It is rare that I am forced out of my comfort zone, and this conference did just that. But the most incredible part of the conference was that, even when I felt the most vulnerable, my table members raised me up and supported me. Insight focuses on self-awareness, personal strengths, and career matching. I grew close to my table team and, much like the first conference, continue to keep in touch with the friends I made that day. Upcoming Conferences All university students should make the time to attend an i-Program; i-Programs will challenge your thinking, help you in your academic career, and allow you to spend time with students from all around the world. To register for an upcoming i-Program, check out the Illinois Leadership Center website! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Female Circumcision Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Research has also identified that female circumcision is considered as an aspect of cultural identity. Notably, female circumcision to girls younger than 18 years in the United States is considered illegal. However, there is evidence that nurses in different health care institutions have handled patients who have undergone female circumcision (Berggren, Bergstrà ¶m, & Edberg, 2006). More specifically, there are reported cases of female circumcision affecting women’s reproductive functions. In the case of infibulation, childbirth becomes a difficult process, a factor that may compel medical practitioners to consider caesarean section. Nurses should Carry out Research of Cultures of Communities that Practice FGM In accordance with concepts developed by Madeleine Leininger, transcultural nursing promotes delivery of health care that conforms to the patient’s culture (Leininger, 2005). This compels nurses to undertake a rigorous study of different cultures in an effort to understand why female circumcision is a common practice. Transcultural nurses need to have diverse education on the cultural and religious beliefs that promote female circumcision. Although the practice has been considered a contravention of human rights, there is a salient need for transcultural nurses to understand the cultural views of communities that practice female circumcision. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Circumcision or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This is especially the case when nurses are handling patients who have developed complications from the procedure, but are in full support of their cultural practices (Heatherly, 2000). Developing a clear understanding of the culture of the communities that carry out female circumcision will help nurses have a different view of their patients who have been exposed to the procedure. Moreover, nurses need to understand the complications that result from the procedures. There is evidence that many nurses are unfamiliar with complications resulting from female circumcision. This explains why they have been unable to deliver efficient care. The purpose of the transcultural nursing is to ensure that patients receive efficient care that does not contradict their cultural beliefs. Moreover, cultural belief systems determine how individuals in that society view healthcare. Individuals from societies that practice female circumcision often present unique needs that are uncommon with other patients (Heatherly, 2000). This places emphasis on the need for nurses to acquire diverse knowledge and information concerning female circumcision if they are to practice transcultural nur sing.

Friedmans Family Assessment Essay - 2821 Words

Friedman Family Assessment Jessica Druin December 12, 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Denise Wilson Family Assessment Introduction A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) state, â€Å"By using a systematic process, family problem areas are identified and family strengths are emphasized as the building blocks for interventions and to facilitate family resiliency (p. 567). The following paragraphs will describe a family that has become more typical in this day and age. The family consists of a mother, a father, a five year old daughter, and a three year old son. The family that was chosen was interviewed as a family, but also individually. Family Assessment This†¦show more content†¦The only vegetables they had were canned vegetables. BAD does try to make a balanced dinner, but still uses frozen meals that are easier to prepare. BAD is a 29 year old caucasian female. She is 64 inches and 225 pounds. Her hair is uncombed and unwashed. She stated that since losing her job, and being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, she does not feel the need to look presentable every day. She said when she does leave the house that she does do her hair and makeup. She is needing surgery to remove her thyroid, but the family has already used up their allotted insurance money for the year, so they are waiting until January to have the surgery. MLD is 33 year old caucasian male. He is 68 inches and 195 pounds. He is well kept in appearance and has on slacks and a button down long sleeve shirt. He has just gotten off work. He said he usually works overtime, 12 hour days, to make extra income for the family. MLD also takes night classes two nights a week and is working on getting a bachelors in business to advance at his company. The two children are CED, and LRD. CED is 5 years old and is in kindergarden. LRD is 3 and will start kindergarden when he is 6. CED has childhood asthma, and has to have a breathing treatment every night before bed. She also has 2 rescue inhalers and has to take a pill every day. LRD is a healthy 3 year old boy with no diseases at this time. He has however had severalShow MoreRelatedFriedman Family Assessment1725 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman Family Assessment Darla Lauer NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP – BC Friedman Family Assessment The following is a study of a family using the Friedman Family Assessment. â€Å"Public health nurses must have skills to move competently between working with individual families, bridge relationships between families and the community, and advocate for family and community legislating and influence policies that promote and protect the health of populations†Read MoreNur405 Friedman Family Assessment1469 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment The Friedman Family Assessment is a tool used to assess the â€Å"family as a whole, as part of the whole of society, and as an interaction system† (Lancaster Stanhope, 2008, p. 569). The Friedman Family Assessment has certain assumptions for the families that are assessed with this tool. 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In this paper the subject to identify is a family assessment usingRead MoreEssay about Friedman Family Assessment1435 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) â€Å"Each family is an unexplained mystery, unique in the ways it meets the needs of its members and society† (p. 550). Family nursing is a special field that involves the nurse and family working together to achieve progress for the family and its members in adjusting to transitions and responding to health and illness. The Friedman Family Assessment Model serves as a guide in family nursing to identify the developmental stage ofRead MoreFriedman Family Assessment Essay examples2782 Words   |  12 PagesFriedman Family Assessment May 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Amy Weaver A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. 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Cheaper in the sense manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Mrs. Doubtfire1747 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Regarding the family unit, Friedman, Bowden and Jones (2003) states â€Å"This basic unit so strongly influences the development of an individual that it may determine the success or failure of that person’s life.† Due to the this influence it is vital to assess the family during the process of caring for a patient. Their environment, lifestyle and support system all have a tremendous effect on the healing process either good or bad. In this essay, the Hillard family from the movie Mrs. DoubtfireRead MoreEssay Family Power Debate1405 Words   |  6 PagesFAMILY POWERBASE IS DETERMINED BY THE FAMILY STRUCTURE MODERATOR (Nancy):   I am Nancy, moderator for Team C debate.  Ã‚   Family structure is different in every family. The  family  has consensus over who has the ultimate say on the day to day  decisions. 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Engineering Drawing Short Questions Free Essays

Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers? Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Drawing Short Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. Q2 – Name different types of drawing instruments. Ans2 – Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc. Q3 – Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line? Ans3 – The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout. Q4 – How will you test the set square and T-square? Ans4 – Testing of T-square – (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary (ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of Tsquare is alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife. Testing of set-squares – The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. Q5 – What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I. S. I. and which is suitable for drawing work? Ans5 – The standard size of sheets according to I. S. I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i. e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class. Q6 – What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? Ans6 – There are two ways of sh arpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing. Q7 – Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day? Ans7 – Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. Q8 – What is layout of drawing sheet? Ans8 – The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet. Q9 – Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? Ans9 – Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information. Q10 – List out the contents of title block and material list Ans10 – The title block should contain at least the following informations. (i) Name of the institution (ii) Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student (iv) Scale (v) Drawing number (vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection Q11 – What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Ans11 – Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner. Q12 – What do you mean by convention or code? Ans12 – The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw. Q13 – What do you understand by thickness of lines? Ans13 – There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. Q14 – Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing? Ans14 – The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object. Q15 – What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Ans15 – Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the dimension. Q16 – Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing? Ans16 – The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing. Q17 – What are the main requirements of lettering? Ans17:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences. Q18 – What is lettering? Ans18 – The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0 etc. is known as lettering. Q19 – What do you mean by composition of letters? Ans19 – The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement. Q20 – What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Ans20 – The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing. Q21 – What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Ans21 – Normal lettering: – The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0. 67 times of the height of the letter. Compressed lettering: – The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering: – The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height. Q22 – What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Ans22:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters. Q23 – What do you mean by single stroke letters? Ans 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types. 1) Vertical 2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal) Q24 – What is the gothic and roman lettering? Ans24 – Gothic lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering (ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined. Q25 – What do you mean by freehand lettering? Ans25 – The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. (iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. Q26 – What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering? Ans26 – HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines. Q27 – What is the importance of dimensioning? Ans27:-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements. 3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. Q28 – What is dimensioning? Ans28 – The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. Q29 – What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning? Ans29 – The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads, dimension figures, notes, symbols etc. Q30 – What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn? Ans30 – A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30? , 45? , and 60? but not less than 30?. Q31 – Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions. Ans31 – Size dimension – The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter ‘S’. Figure. Location dimension – The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w. r. t. the other feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter ‘L’. Figure. Q32 – What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning? Or What are the different methods of dimensioning? Ans32:-1) Aligned Method: – In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Figure. 2) Unidirectional Method: – In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions. Figure. Q33 – What are the general rules of dimensioning? Ans33:-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated. 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views. 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible. 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing. 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. Q34 – Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) circles (ii) radii (iii) angles (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes. Ans34 – Q35 – Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii) combined dimensioning. Ans35 – Chain Dimensioning – In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line. Figure. Parallel dimensioning – In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines. Figure. Combined dimensioning – Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensioning. Figure. Q36 – What is a scale? Ans36:-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the actual size of the object on a drawing. ) Full size scale:-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size on the drawing is known as full size scale. 2) Reducing scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. 3) Enlarging scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is known as enlarging scale. Q37 – What is the representative fraction (R. F. ) or scale factor (S. F. )? Ans37:-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the Representative fraction. R. F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object Q38 – What are the main uses of scale? Ans38 – The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice. (i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. (ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions. (iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q39 – What are the information necessary for scale? Ans39 – To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary. (i) The representative fraction (R. F. ) of the scale. (ii) The units to be presented either in metric or British measures. iii) The maximum length of the scale. Q40 – What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale? Ans40:-Plain Scale:-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm , m and dm, etc. Diagonal Scale:- A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0. 1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for example dm, cm, and mm. Q41 – What is the principle of a diagonal scale? Ans41: – The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts by following the diagonal division’s method of construction. Q42 – What is the difference between a quadrilateral and a polygon? Ans42 – Quadrilateral – A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines and containing four angles. Polygon – A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing more than four angles. Q43 – What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus? Ans43 – Parallelogram – A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are equal and parallel. Rhombus – A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal. Q44 – What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons? Ans44 – Regular polygon – A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal. Irregular polygon – An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not equal. Q45– Name the principal planes of projections. Ans45:-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are 1) Vertical plane: – The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by V. P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane. 2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V. P is called Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H. P. Q46:- What is the principle of projection? Ans46:-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object. Q47 – What is ground line (G. L. ) or intersection or reference line? Ans47:-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i. e. VP and HP is called reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line. Q48 – What is an auxiliary view? Ans48:-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is called auxiliary view. Q49 – What do you understand by missing lines? Ans49 – The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing of an object are called missing lines. Q50 – What do you understand by missing views? Ans50 – The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing of an object is called missing views. Q51 – What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing? Ans51 – The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an imaginary cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to show the interior details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside. Q52 – What is a cutting plane or section plane? Ans52:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their traces. Q53 – What are section or hatching lines? Ans53 – The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at 45? to the horizontal. Q54 – What do you mean by sections of solids? Ans54 – the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the invisible features are known as section of solids. Q55 – What is apparent section? Ans55:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section. Q56 – What is true section? Ans56:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the section. Q57 – How will you classify sections of solids? Or What are the different positions of a section plane w. r. t. two reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Ans57:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. 4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane. Q58 – What do you understand by V. T. and H. T. of section plane? Ans58 – Horizontal trace (H. T) – H. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H. P. Vertical trace (V. T. ) – V. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V. P. Q59 – What do you mean by Frustum? Ans59 – When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum. Q60 – What do you mean by truncated? Ans60 – When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. Q61 – What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Ans61 – The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Q62 – What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Ans62:- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve of intersection or interpenetration. Q63 – Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Ans63:- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) aeroplane construction (e. g. wings, fuse lags etc. ) (v) Automobile layout works (e. g. body wheel house, chairs etc. Q64 – Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Ans64:- 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method Q65:- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Ans65:-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface Q66 – What do you mean by development of surfaces? Ans66:- A layout of the com plete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its development or pattern. Q67:- What is stretch out or girth line? Ans67:- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. e. g. prisms and cylinders. Q68 – What is the principle of development? Ans68 – The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. Q69 – What are the different methods of development of surfaces? Ans69:- 1) Parallel line development 2) Radial line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method Q70 – Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined? Ans70 – The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. Q71 – What are the applications of development of surfaces? Ans71:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc. Q72 – What is a point? Ans72 – A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot. Q73 – What do you mean by octants? Ans73 – When the three planes i. e. H. P. , V. P. and P. P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. Q74 – What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B. I. S. now a days? Or What are the types of orthographic projections? Ans74:-First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be ituated in first quadrant, i. e. in front of V. P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection: – In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind VP . The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B. I. S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983. Figure. Q75 – Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Ans75 – The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. Q76 – When the auxiliary planes are used? Ans76 – The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. Q77 – What are the types of auxiliary planes? Ans77:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. 1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A. V. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP. Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A. I. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP. Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view. Q78 – Define a straight line. Ans78 – A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. Q79:- What is true length of a line? Ans79:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the ther, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. Q80 – What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Ans80:-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of a straight line. Q81:- What is inclination of a straight line? Ans81:-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i. e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with VP is represented by an angle . Q82 – What are the apparent angles of inclinations? Ans82 – The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. Q83 – Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line. Ans83:-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. Q84 – What are skew lines? Ans84:-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew lines. Q85 – What is the trace of a straight line? Ans85:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace. Q86 – Define a plane. Ans86:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only two dimensions i. e. length and breadth. Q87 – What is the difference between a plane and a lamina? Ans87:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q88 – What are the types of planes? Ans88:-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i. e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i. e. VP and HP are called oblique planes. Q89 – What is the trace of a plane? Ans89:-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i. e. HP and VP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes. 1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace. Q90 – What is a solid? Ans90 – An object having three dimensions i. e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E. g. Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc. Q91 – What are different types of solids? Ans91:- Solids may be divided into two main groups. ) Polyhedra or polyhedron: – A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges? 2) Solids of revolution: – The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of revolution. e. g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc. Q92:- What are right solids? Ans92:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces. Q93 – What are oblique solids? Ans93:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90? to its base or end faces, it is called as an oblique solid. Q94:- What are regular solids? Ans94:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid. Q95 – What is the difference between prism and pyramid? Ans95:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms. 2) Pyramid: – A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of triangular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the apex or vertex. Q96 – What are the various positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes? Ans96 – The following are the different positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes. (i) The solid resting on base on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to H. P. , and parallel to V. P. (ii) The solid resting on face on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to V. P. , and parallel to H. P. (iii) The solids resting on face on H. P. , with its axis parallel to H. P. and V. P. (iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other. v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i. e. , H. P. and V. P. Q97:- What is an isometric view? Ans97:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view. Q98:- What is an isometric scale? Ans98:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric scale. Q99 – What are isometric axis? Ans99 – The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120? ngles with each other are termed as isometric axis. Q100:- What are isometric and non isometric lines? Ans100:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines. Q101 – What are iso-metric planes? Ans101 – The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q102 – Give the various positions of isometri c axis. Ans102 – The various positions of isometric axis are as follows. Figure. How to cite Engineering Drawing Short Questions, Papers

Research Proposal Child Sexual Abuse and Represse Essays

Research Proposal: Child Sexual Abuse and Repressed Memories Kerrice Lawrence IDST 400 Dr. Gayle Thrift November 6, 2012 Introduction Child sexual abuse has been happening for eons. Unfortunately the molesting culprits are often close to the child and may include an elder brother and cousin, teachers, fathers or father figures as well as uncles. The children are intimidated allowing the culprit to continue these heinous acts while the child is silent. However a sexually abused child could exhibit some growth and development regression symptoms as their only unspoken defense away of the consequence of verbal communication. Needless to say, a child that suffers sexual abuse is also likely to suffer long term effects. Repressed memories have been known to re-emerge into the conscious mind often triggered by one event or a combination of events. The patient suffers recollection of some or all the traumatic encounters that they underwent as a child. These memories could either be partial leading the victim to probe the matter further or full memories of actual events, people and places. However, the question on the reality and accurateness of these memories is questionable. This research attempts to understand psychological and sociological perspectives on why some memories are repressed and others retained. Further, is to understand to understand how the memories of abuse can affect one's life. This research seeks to understand how these memories be recalled in a controlled environment that allows the victim to be able to deal with the tragic events and the people in their lives that committed such attrocities. Hypothesis That repressed memories are an in-built self-defense mechanism relied on by sexually abused children to protect them from emotional scars they are not able to deal with immediately un til such time as they are ready (Freyd, Schooler, Sivers, 2002) . To understand why some memories are retained while others are repressed and what may cause those repressed memories to be recalled into the concious mind set. Definitions Child abuse is defined as coital relations or any coital related activities with a child by a person with of considerable maturity, where the older party has influence over the child. It includes sexual touching such as penetration of the child, fondling; non-touching such as indecently exposing a child, masturbation while a child is watching, exposing a child to pornographic content; and exploiting children sexually by engaging them in pornography or using them to produce pornographic content (American Humane Association, 2011) . Children are often tricked or forced into such sexual acts. Repressed memories refer to when the mind, after experiencing a psychologically traumatic or devastating event, automatically resolves to lock out this event from being stored in the brain and consequently being remembered at a later stage. According to Sigmund Freud - who coined the term -, this would happen so as to ensure the affected person does not have to deal with the emotional trauma of the occurrence of the event. Repression is automatic and different from suppression which is intended or deliberate (Richmond, 2011) . P sychology refers to scientific attempt to understand human behaviour. It analyses behaviours and behaviour change in human beings. It delves into understanding why certain people behave in a certain way, what experiences may be attributed to certain behaviours et al. It further considers matters that may be going on in the unconsious mind that could be affecting or causing certain behaviour in a particular person. With this understanding, it seeks to heal behavioural problems that may emanate from experiences one has had in the past and whose effects are visible in the present. Sociology seeks to understand the social activities of human beings, their structure, development. It tries to understand their problems while attempting to offer a solution for them that would be amicable. It investigeates and critically anlyses social structure in an attempt to understand human beings, explaining the effects of events in human lives and the course a person is likely to take after suffering certain events (Weber, 1994) . Research Methodology and Design To carry out my research I will carry out literature review of past works from sociologists who have conducted observations on victims who suffered abuse. I will concentrate on

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How to Write Good College Essays How to Write Good College Essays Writing a college essay may seem much complicated at a glance. Still, if you know what is required from you and how to deserve your readers appreciation, you have all chances to succeed. This article will help you get to know some special secrets of writing good college essays. Take them into consideration, and you are sure to learn writing really good college essays. In addition, devote a couple of minutes of your time to read an article on good term paper topics, how to write a good college essay, and review a list of good essay topics: How to write good college essays: Secret 1. Avoid banalities When writing a college essay, you should keep in mind that the committee looks through hundreds of absolutely identical essays. Therefore, in order to succeed, you need to make a standing out paper. Think of some exclusive information about you in order to attract the readers attention from the first sight. How to write good college essays: Secret 2. Establish a link between you and your reader Show the reader that it is easy for you to talk to him/her. Imagine that you are having a conversation with an interlocutor who is trying to bring you to light. However, mind that a lot of different people will be reading your paper. So, be careful when talking about the death of your close people or something very private. How to write good college essays: Secret 3. Be honest You know, the reader does not expect to see a superhero in you. So, there is no need for you to exaggerate your abilities. How to write good college essays: Secret 4. Focus on your strengths but do not reject your weaknesses This is in some way means being sincere to the reader. Besides, there are no perfect people, so if you focus on your strengths only, the reader may feel that you hold back something. How to write good college essays: Secret 5. Use humor Use relevant jokes but be careful with them. Different people have different sense of humor. How to write good college essays: Secret 6. Make a catchy introduction and persuasive conclusion Mostly, these two parts make the final impressions from reading. That is why it is so important to spend enough time making them effective. How to write good college essays: Secret 7. Check and check back The more mistakes you will find, the more chances you will have to get a high grade on your paper. How to write good college essays: Secret 8. Believe in yourself! Remember, the one who always thinks about success will certainly succeed! So, good luck with your college essay! If you do not know how to write good college essays and need professional help with writing, do not hesitate to place an order on our site and get your college essay written by professional writers! Related posts: Composition Essay Essay Writing Guide Essay Help Draft Essay Rough Essay Editing Service

Aardvark Fast Facts

Aardvark Fast Facts Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are known by several common names including antbears and anteaters; they are native to sub-Saharan Africa. The name aardvark is Afrikaans  (a daughter language of Dutch) for earth pig. Despite these common names, aardvarks are not closely related to bears, pigs, or anteaters. Instead, they occupy their own distinct order: Tubulidentata. Fast Facts: Aardvark Scientific Name: Orycteropus aferCommon Names: Aardvark, antbear, anteater, Cape anteaters, earth pigBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Up to 6.5 feet long, 2 feet at shoulder heightWeight: 110–175 poundsLifespan: 10 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Sub-saharan AfricaPopulation: Not quantifiedConservation Status: Least Concern Description Aardvarks are medium-sized mammals (weighing 110–175 pounds and up to 6.5 feet long) with a bulky body, arched back, medium-length legs, long ears (resembling those of a donkey), a long snout, and a thick tail. They have a sparse coat of coarse grayish brown fur covering their body. Aardvarks have four toes on their front feet and five toes on their rear feet. Each toe has a flat, sturdy nail that they use for digging burrows and tearing into insect nests in search of food. Aardvarks have very thick skin which provides them protection from insect bites and even the bites of predators. Their teeth lack enamel and, as a result, wear down and must regrow continuously- the teeth are tubular and hexagonal in cross-section. Aardvarks have small eyes and their retina only contains rods (this means they are color-blind). Like many nocturnal animals, aardvarks have a keen sense of smell and very good hearing. Their front claws are especially robust, enabling them to dig burrows and break open termite nests with ease. Their long, serpentine tongue (10–12 inches) is sticky and can gather up ants and termites with great efficiency. The classification of the aardvark was controversial at one time. Aardvarks were formerly classified in the same group as  armadillos, sloths, and anteaters. Today, genetic studies have shown that the aardvark is classified in the order called the Tubulidentata (tube-toothed), and the family Orycteropodidae: They are the only animal in either order or family. Shongololo90/Getty Images   Habitat and Range Aardvarks inhabit a variety of habitats including savannas, shrublands, grasslands, and woodlands. Although they once lived in Europe and Asia, today their range extends throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, every ecosystem except marshes, deserts, and very rock terrains. Bridgena_Barnard/Getty Images   Diet and Behavior Aardvarks forage at night, covering extensive distances (as much as 6 miles per night) in search of food. To find food, they swing their noses from side to side over the ground, trying to detect their prey by scent. They feed almost exclusively on termites and ants and can consume up to 50,000 insects in a single night. They occasionally supplement their diet by feeding on other insects, plant material or the occasional small mammal. Solitary, nocturnal mammals, aardvarks spend the daylight hours safely tucked away inside their borrows and emerge to feed during the late afternoon or early evening. Aardvarks are extraordinarily fast diggers and can excavate a hole 2 feet deep in less than 30 seconds. The main predators of aardvarks include lions, leopards, and pythons. Aardvarks dig three types of burrows in their ranges: relatively shallow foraging burrows, larger temporary shelters to hide from predators and more complex burrows for permanent residence. They share their permanent residences with other creatures but not other aardvarks. Investigation of the residential burrows has shown that compared to the surrounding soil, soil inside the burrow is cooler (between 4 and 18 degrees F cooler depending on the time of day), and moister. The differences remained the same no matter how old the burrow was, leading researchers to name the aardvark an ecological engineer. Reproduction and Offspring Aardvarks reproduce sexually and form pairs only for a short time during the breeding season. Females give birth to one or rarely two cubs after a gestation period of 7–8 months. In northern Africa, Aardvarks give birth from October to November; in the south, from May and July. The young are born with their eyes open. The mother nurses the young until they are 3 months old when they start eating insects. They become independent of their mothers at six months and venture off to find their own territory. Aardvarks become sexually mature at two to three years of age and have lifespans in the wild of about 18 years. Evolutionary History Aardvarks are considered to be living fossils due to their ancient, highly conserved genetic make-up. Scientists believe that todays aardvarks represent one of the most ancient lineages among the placental mammals (Eutheria). Aardvarks are considered to be a primitive form of hoofed mammal, not because of any obvious similarities but instead due to subtle characteristics of their brain, teeth, and musculature. The closest living relatives to the aardvarks include  elephants, hyraxes,  dugongs, manatees, elephant shrews, golden moles, and tenrecs. Together, these mammals form a group known as the Afrotheria. Conservation Status Aardvarks once existed in Europe and Asia but are now only found in sub-Saharan Africa. Their populations are unknown but they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and not listed as threatened at all by the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. Major identified threats to the aardvark are habitat loss through agriculture, and human and trapping for bush meat. The skin, claws, and teeth are used to make bracelets, charms and curious and some medicinal purposes.  Ã‚   Sources Buss, Peter E., and Leith C. R. Meyer. Chapter 52: Tubulidentata (Aardvark). Fowlers Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8. Eds. Miller, R. Eric and Murray E. Fowler. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, 2015. 514–16. Print.Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk, Karolina, Joanna Kleckowska-Nawrot, and Karolina Barszcz. Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Tongue of the Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer, Orycteropodidae). Tissue and Cell 54 (2018): 127–38. Print.Haussmann, Natalie S., et al. Ecosystem Engineering through Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer) Burrowing: Mechanisms and Effects. Ecological Engineering 118 (2018): 66–72. Print.Ratzloff, Elizabeth. Orycteropus afer (aardvark). Animal Diversity Web, 2011.  Taylor, W. A., P. A. Lindsey, and J. D. Skinner. The Feeding Ecology of the Aardvark Orycteropus Afer. Journal of Arid Environments 50.1 (2002): 135–52. Print.Taylor, A. and T. Lehmann. Orycteropus afer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T41504A21286437, 2015.

Evaluation of a planned actiity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of a planned actiity - Essay Example But the ideas of some people concerning children growing up in bilingual environments have not in any way benefited these children, and may have an adverse effect on them. Therefore, when a parent changes jobs and it involves moving to a different part of the world, there is linguistic demand on them and their children (Romaine, 1995). During the first week, I observed the children in the role play area and offered guidance and assistance when needed. In the second week I joined the children in the role play area, initiating and supporting. Finally I introduced an old word processor in order to improve and extend the children’s writing skills. Children could use this to type things such as prescriptions, appointment sheets and health advice and print them off. By adding props which support early writing, it allows the children to make early attempts at writing through play. By adding this word processor to the role play area it will â€Å"help set the scene† for the topic area. This allows the children to get involved and makes the role play area more â€Å"meaningful† to the activity (Cooke, 1997, p. 122). On the first day, the teacher read a book called â€Å"A Day in the Life of a Doctor† to the whole class. The teaching assistant translated it to Urdu, a member of the EAL (English as Additional Language) department translated it to Tamil, and this in turn started a discussion about being ill and going to the doctor. A child in my group who is normally shy and timid started to participate in the conversation. When this child is home, her first language is Tamil and her English is very limited, however, listening to the lady translate it she started responding by telling how her sister had a cough and that her mum had to take her to the doctor. She was also listening to her peers explaining in English and she tried to start a simple sentence in English by saying â€Å"my mum†, then she stopped as she got embarrassed. This

Letter to the crown and the judge of the court Assignment

Letter to the crown and the judge of the court - Assignment Example Hence, I promise never to get involved in such scenario again. I believe that the main objective of your department is to offer correction although there are some aspects of punishments attached to it. However, I believe that you consider the corrective mandate of the department more than its disciplinary requirement. I also believe that you value offering support to people who value living a descent life or making efforts to correct their mistakes. Currently I rely on your support to enable me walk through the road of change. Getting back my passport from your department would be a paramount support that would enable me to achieve the change that I desire. I acknowledge the existence of fears that I might flee out of the country due to the trouble that I got involved. However, I would like to bring to your consideration that I have no any plans to flee the country. In addition, I am committed to go through the entire judicial process for the interest of my Canadian citizenship and the plaintiff. Canada is not only my county of residence but also my home. Although I was not born in Canada, I have lived in the country since I was eight year old. I have also received all my education in Canadian schools and therefore all my investments are in the country. Fleeing from Canada would be like going to another planet since all my friends and family live in Canada. In addition my father who has special value and love for the country has invested over $200, 000 for our family to acquire full Canadian citizenship. Currently I am in the last stage of acquiring a permanent residence card and therefore your assistance would be vital. I hope that my request and regrets would find a place of consideration in your honoured court. I also appreciate and honour the assistance that you will accord me through the release of my passport. Your assistance would go a long way in consoling my aged father, worried friends, family members and

Sepsis An Overview Health And Social Care Essay

Sepsis An Overview Health And Social Care Essay Sepsis is an infection of the bloodstream. The infection tends to spread quickly and often is difficult to recognize. One of our roles as a nurse is that of patient advocate, and as such we are closest to the patient, placing us in a key position to identify any subtle changes at their earliest onset and prevent the spread of severe infection. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock is key to early recognition. Early recognition allows for appropriate treatment to begin sooner, decreasing the likelihood of septic shock and life-threatening organ failure. Once sepsis is diagnosed, early and aggressive treatment can begin, which greatly reduces mortality rates associated with sepsis. sepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢sis (ˈsep-sÉâ„ ¢s) n. Sometimes called blood poisoning, sepsis is the bodys often deadly response to infection or injury (Merriam-Webster, 2011) Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the immune systems reaction to an infection; it is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). It is defined by the presence of 2 or more SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) criteria in the setting of a documented or presumed infection (Rivers, McIntyre, Morro, Rivers, 2005 pg 1054). Chemicals that are released into the blood to fight infection trigger widespread inflammation which explains why injury can occur to body tissues far from the original infection. The body may develop the inflammatory response to microbes in the blood, urine, lungs, skin and other tissues. Manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) include abnormalities in temperature, heart, respiratory rates and leukocyte counts. This is a severe sepsis that arises from a noninfectious cause. The condition may manifest into severe sepsis or septic shock. Severe sepsis is characterized by organ dysfunction, while septic shock results when blood pressure decreases and the patient becomes extremely hypotensive, even with the administration of fluid resuscitation (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, OBrien and Bucher (2007), pg 1778). The initial presentation of severe sepsis and septic shock is usually nonspecific.    Patients admitted with relatively benign infection can progress in a few hours to a more devastating form of the disease. The transition usually occurs during the first 24 hours of hospitalization (Lewis, et al 2007, pg 1779). Severe sepsis is associated with acute organ dysfunction as inflammation may result in organ damage (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). As severe sepsis progresses, it begins to affect organ function and eventually can lead to septic shock; a sometimes fatal drop in blood pressure. People who are most at risk of developing sepsis include the very young and the very old, individuals with compromised immune systems, very sick people in the hospital and those who have invasive devices, such as urinary catheters or breathing tubes (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2010). Black people are more likely than are white people to get sepsis and black men face the highest risk (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). Severe sepsis is diagnosed if at least one of the following signs and symptoms, which indicate organ dysfunction, are noted; areas of mottled skin, significantly decreased urine output, abrupt change in mental status, decrease in platelet count, difficulty breathing and abnormal heart function (Lewis et al, 2007 pg 1779). To be diagnosed with septic shock, a patient must have the signs and symptoms of severe sepsis plus extremely low blood pressure (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). Sepsis is usually treated in the ICU with antibiotic therapy and intravenous fluids. These patients require preventative measures for deep vein thrombosis, stress ulcer and pressure ulcers. Hunter (2006) explains that the reason why sepsis is rarely given attention and popularized for public information and attention is because it is not a disease in itself, but a reaction of the body to a lowered immunological response. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in non-coronary intensive care units (ICUs) and the 10th leading cause of death in the United States overall (Slade, Tamber and Vincent, 2010, pg 2).   The incidence of severe sepsis in the United States is between 650,000 and 750,000 cases. Over 10 million cases of sepsis have been reported in the United States based on a 22-year period study of discharge data from 750 million hospitalizations Annually, approximately 750,000 people develop sepsis and more than 200,000 cases are fatal (Slade, et al 2010, pg 1). More than 70% of these patients have underlying co-morbidities and more than 60% of these cases occur in those aged 65 years and older (Slade, et al 2010, pg 1). When patients with human immunodeficiency virus are excluded, the incidence of sepsis in men and women is similar. A greater number of sepsis cases are caused by infection with gram-positive organisms than gram-negative organisms, and fungal infections now account for 6% of cases (Slade, et al 2010, pg 1). After adjusting for population size, the annualized incidence of sepsis is increasing by 8%. The incidence of severe sepsis is increasing greatest in older adults and the nonwhite population. The rise in the number of cases is believed to be caused by the increased use of invasive procedures and immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, transplantation, and prosthetic implants and devices, as well as the increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance (Slade, et al 2010, pg 1). Despite advances in critical care management, sepsis has a mortality rate of 30 to 50 percent and is among the primary causes of death in intensive care units ((Brunn and Platt, 2006, 12: 10-6). It is believed that the increasing incidence of severe sepsis is due to the growing population among the elderly as a result of increasing longevity among people with chronic diseases and the high prevalence of sepsis developing among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Slade, et al 2010, pg 1). During an infection, the bodys defense system is activated to fight the attacking pathogens. These invading pathogens, especially bacteria, possess receptive lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coverings or release exotoxins and endotoxins that activate the T-cells and macrophages and trigger the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to respond by releasing antibodies, eicosanoids and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins. The antigens may also result in the production of lysozymes and proteases, cationic proteins and lactoferrin that can recognize and kill invading pathogens. Different microbes also induce various profiles of TNF and interleukin to be released. These molecules results in a heightened inflammatory response of the body and vascular dilation. The TLRs also affect a different cascade that involves coagulation pathways, which results in preventing the bleeding to occur at the area of infection. With too much molecular responses and signals, the recognition of the molecules sometimes fails and attacks even the bodys endothelial cells. These compounded immune and inflammatory actions result in the development of the symptoms of sepsis (Hunter, 2006 pg 668; Van Amersfoort, 2001 pg 400). Brunn and Platt (2006) believes that events leading to breakdown of the tissue such as injuries or infection, that naturally results in the activation of the immune system, is a major event that causes sepsis. During host infection, the release of tumor necrosis factor and interlekin-1 signals the dilation of the arteries and inflammation. These released cytokines also activate the coagulation pathway to prevent fibrinolysis but an increase in the concentration of these molecules may result in abnormalities in the hosts defense system (Gropper, 2004 pg 568). The common belief that sepsis is caused by endotoxins released by pathogens has fully been established but genomic advancements is shedding light on current insights that sepsis can also occur without endotoxin triggers, that is even without microbial infections (Gropper, 2004 pg 568). Diagnosing sepsis can be difficult because its signs and symptoms can be caused by other disorders. Doctors often order a battery of tests to try to pinpoint the underlying infection. Blood tests and additional laboratory tests on fluids such as urine and cerebrospinal fluid to check for bacteria and infections and wound secretions, if an open wound appears infected. In addition, imaging tests to visualize problems such as x-ray, computerized tomography (ct), ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) to locate the source of an infection are also ordered. Early, aggressive recognition boosts a patients chances of surviving sepsis. Sepsis should be treated as a medical emergency. In other words, sepsis should be treated as quickly and efficiently as possible as soon as it has been identified. This means rapid administration of antibiotics and fluids. A 2006 study showed that the risk of death from sepsis increases by 7.6% with every hour that passes before treatment begins. (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). Early, aggressive treatment boosts the chances of surviving sepsis. People with severe sepsis require close monitoring and treatment in a hospital intensive care unit. Lifesaving measures may be needed to stabilize breathing and heart function. (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). People with sepsis usually need to be in an intensive care unit (ICU). As soon as sepsis is suspected, broad spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy is begun. The number of antibiotics may be decreased when blood tests reveal which particular bacteria are causing the infection. The source of the infection should be discovered, if possible. This could mean more testing. Infected intravenous lines or surgical drains should be removed, and any abscesses should be surgically drained. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and medications that increase blood pressure may be needed. Dialysis may be necessary if there is kidney failure, and a breathing machine (mechanical ventilation) if there is respiratory failure (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2010). While severe sepsis requires treatment in a critical care area, its recognition is often made outside of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). With nurses being at the side of a patient from admission to discharge, this places them in an ideal position to be first to recognize sepsis. Thorough assessments are crucial and being able to recognize even the most minimal changes in a patient could be the difference between life and death. Once severe sepsis is confirmed, key aspects of nursing care are related to providing comprehensive treatment. Pain relief and sedation are important in promoting patients comfort. Meeting the needs of patients families is also an essential component of care. Research on the needs of patients families during critical illness supports provision of information as an important aspect of family care (Gropper et al, 2004 pg. 569). Teaching patients and their families is also essential to ensure that they understand various treatments and interventions provided in severe sepsis. Ultimately, prevention of sepsis may be the single most important measure for control (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2010). Hand washing remains the most effective way to reduce the incidence of infection, especially the transmission of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2010. Good hand hygiene can be achieved by using either a waterless, alcohol-based product or antibacterial soap and water with adequate rinsing. Using universal precautions, adhering to infection control practices, and instituting measures to prevent nosocomial infections can also help prevent sepsis (Lewis, et al 2007, pg 248). Nursing measures such as oral care, proper positioning, turning, and care of invasive catheters are important in decreasing the risk for infection in critically ill patients (Fourrier, Cau-Pottier, Boutigny, Roussel-Delvallez, Jourdain, Chopin, 2005 pg 1730). Newly released guidelines on the prevention of catheter-related infections stress the use of surveillance, cutaneous antisepsis during care of catheter sites, and catheter-site dressing regimens to minimize the risk of infection (Fourrier, 2005 pg. 1731). Other aspects of nursing care such as sending specimens for culture because of suspicious drainage or elevations in temperature, monitoring the characteristics of wounds and drainage material, and using astute clinical assessment to recognize patients at risk for sepsis can contribute to the early detection and treatment of infection to minimize the risk for sepsis. Critical care nurses are the healthcare providers most closely involved in the daily care of critically ill patients and so have the opportunity to identify patients at risk for and to look for signs and symptoms of severe sepsis (Kleinpell, Goyette, 2003 pg 120). In addition, critical care nurses are also the ones who continually monitor patients with severe sepsis to assess the effects of treatment and to detect adverse reactions to various therapeutic interventions. Use of an intensivist-led multidisciplinary team is designated as the best-practice model for the intensive care unit, and the value of team-led care has been shown (Kleinpell, et al 2003, pg 121). As key members of intensivist-led multidisciplinary teams, critical care nurses play an important role in the detection, monitoring, and treatment of sepsis and can affect outcomes in patients with severe sepsis (Kleinpell, et al 2003, pg 121). 5 Priority Nursing Diagnosis Diagnosis #1: Deficient fluid volume related to vasodilatation of peripheral vessels leaking of capillaries. Intervention #1: Watch for early signs of hypovolemia, including restlessness, weakness, muscle cramps, headaches, inability to concentrate and postural hypotension. . Rationale #1: Late signs include oliguria, abdominal or chest pain, cyanosis, cold clammy skin, and confusion (Kasper et al, 2005). : Intervention #2: Monitor for the existence of factors causing deficient fluid volume (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty maintaining oral intake, fever, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, diuretic therapy). Rationale #2: Early identification of risk factors and early intervention can decrease the occurrence and severity of complications from deficient fluid volume. The gastrointestinal system is a common site of abnormal fluid loss (Metheny, 2000). Intervention #3: Monitor daily weight for sudden decreases, especially in the presence of decreasing urine output or active fluid loss. Weigh the client on the same scale with the same type of clothing at same time of day, preferably before breakfast. Rationale #3: Body weight changes reflect changes in body fluid volume (Kasper et al, 2005). Weight loss of 2.2 pounds is equal to fluid loss of 1 liter (Linton Maebius, 2003). Diagnosis #2: Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to anorexia generalized weakness. Intervention #1: Monitor for signs of malnutrition, including brittle hair that is easily plucked, bruise, dry skin, pale skin and conjunctiva, muscle wasting, smooth red tongue, cheilosis, flaky paint rash over lower extremities and disorientation (Kasper, 2005). Rationale #1: Untreated malnutrition can result in death (Kasper, 2005). Intervention #2: Recognize that severe protein calorie malnutrition can result in septicemia from impairment of the immune system or organ failure including heart failure, liver failure, respiratory dysfunction, especially in the critically ill client. Rationale #2: Untreated malnutrition can result in death (Kasper, 2005) Intervention #3: Note laboratory test results as available: serum albumin, prealbumin, serum total protein, serum ferritin, transferring, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and electrolytes. Rationale #3: A serum albumin level of less than 3.5 g/100 milliliters is considered and indicator of risk of poor nutritional status (DiMaria-Ghalli Amella, 2005). Prealbumin level was reliable in evaluating the existence of malnutrition (Devoto et al, 2006). Diagnosis #3: Ineffective tissue perfusion related to decreased systemic vascular resistance. Intervention #1: If the client has a period of syncope or other signs of a possible transient ischemic attack, assist the client to a resting position, perform a neurological assessment and report to the physician. Rationale #1: Syncope may be caused by dysrhythmias, hypotension caused by decreased tone or volume, cerebrovascular disease, or anxiety. Unexplained recurrent syncope, especially if associated with structural heart disease, is associated with a high risk of death (Kasper et al, 2005). Intervention#2: If the client experiences dizziness because of postural hypotension when getting up, teach methods to decrease dizziness, such as remaining seated for several minutes before standing, flexing feet upward several time while seated, rising slowly, sitting down immediately if feeling dizzy and trying to have someone present when standing. Rationale #2: Postural hypotension can be detected in up to 30% of elderly clients. These methods can help prevent falls (Tinetti, 2003). Intervention #3: If symptoms of a new cerebrovascular accident occur (e.g., slurred speech, change in vision, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, or dysphasia), notify a physician immediately. Rationale #3: New onset of these neurological symptoms can signify a stroke. If the stroke is caused by a thrombus and the client receives thrombolytic treatment within 3 hours, effects can often be reversed and function improved, although there is an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage (Wardlaw, et al, 2003) Diagnosis #4: Ineffective thermoregulation related to infectious process, septic shock. Intervention #1: Monitor temperature every 1 to 4 hours or use continuous temperature monitoring as appropriate. Rationale #1: Normal adult temperature is usually identified as 98.6 degrees F (37 degrees C) but in actuality the normal temperature fluctuates throughout the day. In the early morning it may be as low as 96.4 degrees F (35.8 degrees C) and in the late afternoon or evening as high as 99.1 degrees F (37.3 degrees C). (Bickely Szilagyj, 2007). Disease injury and pharmacological agents may impair regulation of body temperature (Kasper et al, 2005). Intervention #2: Measure the temperature orally or rectally. Avoid using the axillary or tympanic site. Rationale #2: Oral temperature measurement provides a more accurate temperature than tympanic measurement (Fisk Arcona, 2001; Giuliano et al, 2000). Axillary temperatures are often inaccurate. The oral temperature is usually accurate even in an intubated clients (Fallis, 2000). The SolaTherm and DataTherm devices correlated strongly with core body temperatures obtained from a pulmonary artery catheter (Smith, 2004). A study performed in Turkey found that axillary and tympanic temperatures were less accurate than oral temperatures (Devrim, 2007). Intervention #3: Take vital signs every 1 to 4 hours, noting changes associated with hypothermia; first, increased blood pressure, pulse and respirations; then decreased values as hypothermia progresses. Rationale #3: Mild hypothermia activates the sympathetic nervous system, which can increase the levels of vital signs; as hypothermia progresses, the heart becomes suppress, with decreased cardiac output and lowering of vital sign readings (Ruffolo, 2002; Kaper et al, 2005). Diagnosis #5: Risk for impaired skin integrity related to desquamation caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Intervention #1: Monitor skin condition at least once a day for color or texture changes, dermatological conditions, or lesions. Determine whether the client is experiencing loss of sensation or pain. Rationale #1: Systemic inspection can identify impending problems early (Ayello Braden, 2002; Krasner, Rodeheaver Sibbald, 2001). Intervention #2: Identify clients at risk for impaired skin integrity as a result of immobility, chronological age, malnutrition, incontinence, compromised perfusion, immunocompromised status or chronic medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injury or renal failure. Rationale #2: These client populations are known to be at high risk for impaired skin integrity (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001: Stotts Wipke-Tevis, 2001). Targeting variables (such as age and Braden Scale Risk Category) can focus assessment on particular risk factors (e.g., pressure) and help guide the plan of prevention and care (Young et al, 2002). Intervention #3: Monitor the clients skin care practices, noting type of soap or other cleansing agents used, temperature of water and frequency of skin cleansing. Rationale #3: Individualize plan according to the clients skin condition, needs, and preference (Baranoski, 2000). As a nursing student with a strong interest in working with trauma patients, I am intrigued by the fact that as to why some trauma patients are more susceptible to contracting sepsis than others. Therefore my suggestion for future research would be to determine if there is an underlying factor that we, as healthcare professionals are overlooking. Apparently, I am not alone in my thinking and in performing additional reading on sepsis I was pleasantly surprised to learn that an investigation into this matter is underway. Hinley (2010), a staff writer for Medical News Today, reports how an emergency room nurses curiosity about why some trauma patients develop sepsis while others dont has led to an expanded career as a researcher studying the same, burning question. Dr. Beth NeSmith, assistant professor of physiological and technological nursing in the Medical College of Georgia School of Nursing received a three-year, $281,000 National Institutes of Health grant in September, 2010 to examine risk factors for sepsis and organ failure following trauma. Based on her own research, Dr. NeSmith concluded that trauma kills more than 13 million Americans annually and sepsis is the leading cause of in-hospital trauma deaths, yet little data existed to explain differences in population vulnerability to these deadly outcomes. NeSmith believes lifetime chronic stress may be the culprit and a simple test on hair may identify those at risk. Her theory is that a person who grows up with chronic stress, such as socio- economic stress or abuse, will have a different response to trauma in terms of their inflammation profile, NeSmith said. Inflammation is a normal body response to trauma, but if it gets out of hand its dangerous. The only care for it is supportive until if the body gets better. (Hinley, P., Medical News Today, 2010) As the trauma clinical nurse specialist at MCG Health System from 1997-2003, NeSmith was intrigued by the limited treatment options available for sepsis. Her grant will allow her to test the theory that people with existing chronic stress respond differently physiologically to trauma than non-stressed individuals. NeSmith spends three days a week in the lab working with basic science research techniques. Nurses play a critical role in improving outcomes for patients with sepsis. To save the lives of those with sepsis, all nurses, no matter where they work, must develop their skills for recognizing sepsis early and initiating appropriate therapy. With nurses dedicated to understanding and stopping this deadly disorder, the goal of reducing mortality will be realized.  Ã‚