Impact on children in the bilingual education programme

Stung Treng, one of the distant northeasterly states of the Kingdom of Cambodia, is inhabited by different cultural minority groups in add-on to the bulk Khmers, such as â€Å" Brao, Kaveth, Lun, Phnong, Khmer Khe, and Kuy † ( Center for Advanced Study, 2009, p. 285 ) . Without schooling, these groups have high hazards of being exploited and exposed to bad behaviours such as drug maltreatment and unprotected sex. With low degrees of literacy they can be more prone to infection by common diseases in their community like malaria and dandy fever febrility, which farther depletes their minimum incomes necessitating outgo on medical specialties and medical expertness. Furthermore, their full potencies to develop themselves every bit good as their community have non been realized due to miss of chances. There are many benefits associated with female parent lingua based bilingual instruction: higher registration rates in formal system ; lower dropout rates ( a common ground for dropout in the early old ages of instruction is linguistic communication ; there are high dropout rates for kids talking a different female parent lingua to the linguistic communication of direction ) ; lower repeat rates, for kids necessitating to reiterate peculiar classs of their schooling ; higher rates of success for misss remaining in instruction ; higher rates of parental and community engagement in kids ‘s instruction ; it can better the relationship between political leaders and a multilingual population ; it leads to greater proficiency and eloquence in national linguistic communication ( and besides so international linguistic communications if these are pursued ) if initial direction is done in female parent longue ; and community engagement in instruction is really of import – affecti ng parents, community and instructors in instruction helps kids learn. Greater engagement is found when initial direction is in the female parent lingua. Over recent old ages the United Nations Children ‘s Fund ( UNICEF ) , in coaction with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ( MoEYS ) , has piloted a bilingual instruction programme in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state, where most Kaveth cultural group members are concentrated. This has been done in order to supply primary instruction to kids of this group by utilizing a bilingual theoretical account of larning implemented by CARE Cambodia, portion of CARE International, in Rattanakiri state. The programme focused on a minority population in three small towns of Siem Pang territory straight profiting about 225 kids. For confidentiality purposes the small towns will be known as small town K, small town O and small town T. 1.2 Problem Statement The bilingual method of learning adopted in the plan has been the agencies of supplying primary instruction to kids of cultural minorities in this state and its impact has non been studied therefore far, so the research worker has great involvement in researching this. 1.3 Purpose and Significance It is anticipated that the informations collected and analyzed in this survey will be used as a strong foundation to reason for an enlargement of the plan to other minority communities which are presently underserved by the Kampuchean instruction system. This has deductions for an addition in instruction entree for the-hard-to-reach kids of the state ‘s minority groups. The scope of possible impacts include the person ‘s future work chances, their attitudes towards and value for instruction, and the development of positive behaviours towards effectual wellness and hygiene patterns within the minority communities. Hopefully, the research findings will show the positive results and impact of the bilingual instruction programme. It may besides bring out issues or jobs that can be addressed. The positive impact will function as an protagonism message to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport â€Å" for bilingual instruction to be portion of national instruction policy programs, and the programs must be implemented in pattern with sufficient resources in the signifier of allocated financess, decently trained forces and other necessary resources † ( UNESCO, 2005, p. 3 ) . 1.2 Research Questions This research proposal intends to research the inquiry â€Å" What are the self-reported impacts of attending at the bilingual instruction programme on kids, their households and communities? † with the following purposes: To document the impact on take parting pupils of their attendance/involvement in the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; To document the impact on the households of pupils who attend the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; and To document the impact on the local communities in which pupils and their households attend bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng.2. MethodsDiscussed in this subdivision will be the sampling technique, informations aggregation procedures and the method for informations analysis. Ethical issues and the stairss taken to turn to them will besides be considered here. 2.1 Sampling The proposed research will concentrate on the impact of bilingual instruction on the minority communities in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state. In each of these communities there is one school supplying bilingual instruction from classs one to three, and this research will utilize a convenience sample to choose one school with ready entree for the research worker. Two pupils from each of the three classs ( n = 6 ) from the selected school will be invited to take part in an interview. A parent of each of the invited pupils will be invited to take part in a focal point group treatment plus two members of the school support commission based on their handiness ( n=8 ) . A list of male and female pupils from the selected school will be sought from the school principal by the research worker. Simple random sampling will be used to choose two pupils from each of the three classs. The research worker will compose each single pupil ‘s name on a separate faux pas of paper, topographic point all the faux pass in a container, agitate the container, and choice faux pass from the container until the coveted figure of participants is selected. This procedure will be repeated by class and gender with misss in one container and male childs in the other in order to hold gender balance. It is of import to hold gender balance in this survey so that every bit representative voices can be heard. An Information Form and an Informed Consent signifier and missive from the school principal developed by the research worker will be sent to parents by the instructor through the selected pupils to seek their parental blessing. If parents of the selected pupils do non O.K. of their kids take parting in this research, the same procedure will be repeated with other pupils of the selected school until the coveted sample has been achieved. There are restrictions deducing from both clip restraints and geographical conditions for carry oning this research, so the sample size will non be big plenty to generalise the results of this survey. This trying attack besides has some restrictions. It can non vouch a good representation of the whole population in the small town or the category, cut downing the generalizability of the consequences. However, the impact of bilingual instruction in this minority community can still be measured through a carefully structured research tool. 2.2 Data aggregation 2.2.1 Interviewing Data will be collected through single interviews with the pupils of each of the three classs who have received parental consent to take part, and with two grownup focal point groups of four each group dwelling of the parents of three pupils and a member of school support commission in each group. Student interviews will be done by class degree, three interviews with the 2 kids from the same class degree. Due to clip restraints, carry oning pair interviews with pupils is a preferred option to the research worker. To cut down the possibility of male childs ruling the interview, the interviewer will deliberately direct the inquiries to girl pupils in an attempt to promote female engagement. The possible grownup participants in focal point group treatments will be provided with an Information Sheet in their ain linguistic communication, explicating the research intent and a Consent Form ( see Appendix A ) . Potential kid participants will be provided with an Information Form and Consent Form in their ain linguistic communication that requires parental every bit good as child consent, in an effort to turn to ethical concerns about questioning kids who are under the legal age of consent. Interviews with pupils will be conducted at their school on Thursday forenoon because Thursday is no-class twenty-four hours whilst focal point group treatments will be conducted in the afternoon of the same twenty-four hours and at the same topographic point. The interviews and concentrate group treatments will be audio-recorded for ulterior written text and analysis The interviews and concentrate groups ( draft inquiries in Appendix E ) will be conducted by the research worker and facilitated by a bilingual instructor, who can talk the local linguistic communication good, to assist smooth the procedure and to avoid any possible misinterpretation during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The instructor will non be the kid ‘s instructor to forestall any concerns of the kid in the event they make a critical remark. An instruction functionary each from the provincial and territory offices will be approached to set up communicating flow between the research worker and survey participants in footings of doing assignments for the interviews and concentrate group treatments. An interview protocol and inquiries will be developed for usage in the interviews and concentrate group treatments ( see Appendix B ) . Students will be asked semi-structured inquiries by the research worker, with interlingual rendition by a bilingual instructor. Possibly examining inquiries will besides be developed to utilize when new subjects come up during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The research worker will discourse the inquiries beforehand with the transcriber to clear up the content and purpose of the inquiries with the purpose of thereby cut downing confusion during the times of questioning and treatment. All interviews and treatments will be audio-recorded so that the procedure can be conducted swimmingly without breaks for note pickings. The recordings will subsequently be transcribed for thorough analysis, and will be translated into English. The recordings, the written texts every bit good as the interlingual renditions will be stored and watchword protected in the research worker ‘s personal computing machine for confidentiality and will be destroyed after the research study has been completed. There are some restrictions to the usage of interviews and concentrate group treatments. Students, their parents and community leaders of the minority group do non hold much exposure to the universe outside their immediate community, and this may take to narrow positions in their responses and treatments and limit the profusion of data/information aggregation. All the research participants are new to interviews and concentrate group treatments, and this may keep them from talking openly and honestly. The usage of a transcriber could besides perplex the procedure and add an unintended confusion to participants. Focus groups can non vouch confidentiality hence single respondents may be restrained in their responses if they believe person in the group might state others about peculiar remarks, particularly any perceived as critical. 2.3 Data analysis The analysis will be done first by transcribing the recorded responses from the interviews and focal point groups. Similar phrases from each transcript are put together under descriptive labels. By making so, informations are pooled and a form or subject will emerge. Give the little figure of participants in both interviews and concentrate group treatments, informations analysis will be done utilizing excel spreadsheet. 2.4 Ethical considerations The true intent of this survey will be obviously explained to all participants in this research and the general benefits deducing from this research for their community will besides be explained in order to derive their full engagement. It will be explained that engagement is voluntary and anon. . By making so the research participants understand they are non compelled to prosecute against their will and may retreat from take parting at any clip. The research worker pays great attending to ethical issues that might be concerned with the survey in footings of coercion and power imposed on the participants. Therefore, the research worker has designed an Information Sheet and Consent Form in the cultural linguistic communication explicating the intent and the procedure of the survey every bit good as their right to decline to take part before the survey can get down. An informal attack to the behavior of the interviews and focal point groups will be pursued in order to set all the participants at easiness and to arouse as rich and varied information as possible.3. Literature Reappraisal3.1 International context Surveies have shown that direction in the female parent lingua is good to achievement in other capable countries and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. In parts where the linguistic communication of the scholar is non the national linguistic communication of the state, bilingual instruction can do female parent lingua direction possible while supplying acquisition of the national linguistic communication at the same clip ( UNCESCO, 2003 ) . International research shows that at least five old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication -but sooner throughout the instruction system – is required to supply a solid foundation for farther surveies. A strong foundation in the female parent lingua is besides needed for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and successful transportation of the literacy accomplishments from the first to the 2nd linguistic communication ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Teaching basic accomplishments to hapless kids through linguistic communication submergence may be damaging, but bilingual instruction is a much more effectual option. Students in the United States of America having direction in a native linguistic communication and English at different times of the twenty-four hours were found to do the most dramatic additions in reading public presentation compared to their English-only equals. This research is pertinent to multilingual low-income states ( World Bank, 2006 ) . The figure of old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication is the most of import forecaster of reading public presentation in a 2nd linguistic communication. It is non of import what the first linguistic communication is, but instead how much cognitive and academic development the pupil has experienced in it. The higher the pupils ‘ accomplishment in the primary linguistic communication, the faster they will come on in the 2nd linguistic communication ( World Bank, 2006 ) . 3.2 Kampuchean context The footings â€Å" cultural minorities, † â€Å" autochthonal peoples, † â€Å" hill folks † and â€Å" Highlanders † are non synonymous. They are used interchangeably to depict the population groups who reside in remote, difficult-to-access countries within Cambodia. They make a life largely by subsistence agriculture and from forest merchandises, and do non talk Khmer, the national linguistic communication, as a female parent lingua ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . With the publicity of Education For All ( EFA ) , the Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is cognizant of the demand to do instruction accessible to all. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport is get downing to acknowledge that bilingual instruction may be an effectual manner of run intoing the educational demands of Cambodia ‘s cultural minorities while enabling them to take part more to the full in Khmer society ( UNESCO, 2007 ) . To accomplish Education For All in minority communities, particular schemes such as bilingual instruction can be used ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Bilingual instruction encompasses more than the female parent lingua as the linguistic communication of direction. Curriculum, stuffs, instructors and, learner-centered methodological analysiss are all elements of the educational procedure related to the autochthonal people ‘s civilization in a wide sense. Furthermore the attack has promoted the acceptance of inclusive instruction with scholars from upland autochthonal groups have long been marginalized and deprived of any chance for formal instruction ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . Cultural minority communities have maintained their cultural, lingual and traditional differences through their farness from the bulk cultural communities. Given this farness, there has non been the chance to back up substructure and the development and/or renovation of school edifices, conveyance and administrative substructure that instruction may necessitate ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . This compounds the disadvantage of the minority groups even further. There have been few educational chances for autochthonal peoples and, accordingly, there are few trained forces who are fluid in cultural minority linguistic communications and Khmer. As Khmer is non the first linguistic communication of the different upland groups, kids are placed at a disadvantage when it is used as the lone linguistic communication of direction ( UNESCO, 2005 ) .Find some figures that describe the engagement rates of cultural minority groups in higher instruction in Cambodia – it will beef up this point every bit good as the Significance of the research Given that there have been few undertakings that catered to the specific educational demands of cultural minorities, there is besides a deficiency of stuffs that are culturally relevant or readily adaptable for usage in footings of linguistic communication and content ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . Indeed, small town support for schooling has been missing, most likely due to the fact that formal school services did non run into the demands of the community, and conflicted with socio-cultural norms in upland small towns. Besides, learning methodological analysis and inflexible time-tabling were non suited. Curriculum and stuff developed for the cultural minorities needs to be appropriate to accommodate the demands of the autochthonal communities. If an instruction undertaking is non based on existent, identified demands in the targeted communities, the scholars will hold it inappropriate and non utile for their demands ( UNESCO, 2005 ) with subsequent low engagement and success rates. Education for misss faces particularly tough obstructions within Cambodia and can be observed frequently in the signifier of negative attitudes – by parents, instructors and community members. Discrimination is apparent in societal norms, linguistic communication, and submissive stereotypes. Socio-cultural influences work against misss ‘ entree to instruction in the signifier of early matrimonies, a heavy domestic work load and low educational outlooks ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . This is particularly true in a traditional society like Cambodia, in which miss ‘ instruction is less valued than male childs ‘ and misss are confined to household jobs, allow entirely misss from the state ‘s minority groups.

iDecisionTM Case Essay

For more information on iDecisionTM, please contact: Sanjib Ghosh | sajib.gosh@techmahindra.com Ramesh Kumar Koona | rameshkumar_koona@mahindrasatyam.com About Tech Mahindra: Tech Mahindra is a global systems integrator and business transformation consulting firm focused on the communications industry. Tech Mahindra helps companies innovate and transform by leveraging its unique insights, differentiated services and flexible partnering models. This has helped customers reduce operating costs, generate new revenue streams and gain competitive advantage. For over two decades, Tech Mahindra has been the chosen transformation partner for wireline, wireless and broadband operators around the world. Tech Mahindra’s capabilities span across Business Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS), Network Design & Engineering, Next Generation Networks, Mobility, Security Consulting, Testing, and other areas. Tech Mahindra’s solutions portfolio includes Consulting, Application Development & Management, Network Services, Solution Integration, Product Engineering, Managed Services, Remote Infrastructure Management and BPO. Over 34,000 professionals service clients across the telecom eco-system, from a global network of development centers and sales offices across Americas, Europe, Middle-east, Africa and Asia-Pacific. Tech Mahindra is the largest telecomfocused solutions provider and 5th largest software exporter from India. www.techmahindra.com About Mahindra Satyam: Mahindra Satyam (OTC: SAYCY) is a leading global business and information technology services company that leverages deep industry and functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an advanced, global delivery model to help clients transform their highest-value business processes and improve their business performance. The Company’s professionals excel in enterprise solutions, supply chain management, client relationship management, business intelligence, business process quality, engineering and product lifecycle management, and infrastructure services, among other key capabilities. Mahindra Satyam is part of the US$ 8.25 billion Mahindra Group, a global industrial conglomerate and one of the top 10 industrial firms based in India. The Group’s interests span financial services, automotive products, trade, retail and logistics, information technology and infrastructure development. Mahindra Satyam development and delivery centers in the US, Canada, Brazil, the UK, Hungary, Egypt, UAE, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia serve numerous clients, including many Fortune 500 organizations. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ A Packaged Analytical Application for Business Transformation www.mahindrasatyam.com Copyright  © 2011 Tech Mahindra All rights reserved. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ – a packaged analytical application for business transformation iDecisionsâ„ ¢ is a packaged, custom-friendly, open analytics application with industry solution sets across Banking, Insurance, Telecom, Airlines, Manufacturing, Retail, Travel and Logistics, Education, Pharmaceutical and Healthcare. The solution consists of horizontal solution sets for Finance, HR, Procurement, Sales and Customer intelligence. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ enables efficient business management through effective data integration and information analysis to help generate business insight and drive innovation. It incorporates industry best practices in key performance indicators (KPI), logical data models, analytical templates, dashboards and processes. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ Telecom Solution for On-premise implementations and Cloud using Microsoft BI stack iDecisionsâ„ ¢ provides a unique, powerful resolution to an all too common telecommunications industry conundrum. It incorporates industry best practices into an analytical application suite that turns decision making from an art to a science. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ for telecom companies is designed around the following key subject areas: 1 BI Implementation Roadblocks Unclear Business Requirements 2 Multiple Data Sources 3 Time to market 4 Proprietary Technology Standards iDecisionsâ„ ¢ for Telecom Application Engines Customer Value Fraud Detection Churn Prediction RFM scoring Behavior Scoring Best Practices Inventory Industry Standard Business Definition Unified Data Model Best Practices Inventory Industry Standard (XML, CWM) Standard Technology Stack Analytical Applications Customer Intelligence Subscriber Intelligence Campaign Intelligence Usage Intelligence Marketing Intelligence Sales Intelligence Revenue Intelligence Revenue & Margin Analysis Network Intelligence Fault Management Solution Components Adaptive Architecture Reusable Artifacts Call Pattern Intelligence Product Affinity Roaming Intelligence Channel Intelligence Mobile Number Portability Intelligence Contact Center Intelligence Revenue Assurance Performance Management Data Integration Hub How iDecisionsTM addresses BI implementation roadblocks Churn Intelligence Customer Life cycle in Converged networks Credit & Collections Membership & Loyalty Traffic Management Demand forecasting & Capacity Planning Core Post Paid Pre Paid Fixed Line Data Converged Network Video Cable Benefits of iDecisions TM Packaged, customization-friendly, open analytical solution Industry best practices in KPIs, analytical templates, dashboards and processes Modular nature allows clients to pick and implement only selective modules Complements Microsoft BI Capability Highly customizable to suit each customer’s unique BI needs Reduces time-to-market Minimizes risk of failed implementation iDecisionsTM is a pre-built BI solution that is also available on cloud which enables organizations to access information and perform intelligent analysis over a virtual environment. Significant advantages of iDecisionsTM on Cloud offerings include: Low upfront infrastructure investments, lower maintenance and software licensing costs Just-in-time infrastructure with dynamic capacity management saves cost Businesses can turn capital expenses to variable operating expenses Shrinking of processing time due to parallelization; addresses key difficulties surrounding large scale data processing iDecisions based solutions are also available on cloud iDecisions based pre-packaged BI solutions are offered on cloud platform as well. The cloud solutions can be offered either on Mahindra Satyam’s own data centers or on third party data centers. TM TM Customer is risk-free – the risk is completely skewed towards the service provider Usage-based costing Multi-tenant 1 2 Architectural depiction of iDecisionsâ„ ¢ using Microsoft BI Stack The vertical-specific data models from iDecisionsâ„ ¢ are wrapped with relevant ETL and OLAP tools to create end-to-end BI solutions and these solutions are hosted on a cloud platform. The security aspects of cloud computing are well addressed by the iDecisionsâ„ ¢ BI solution which has three layers of securities built – OS-level security, DB level security and Application level security. Clients Scale-up supported by Database design Schema design Physical design Hardware selection and configuration Software selection and configuration Data loading Query specification and tuning SECURITY LAYER 3 4 Case Study 1 Telecom Major in Bahrain Case Study 2 Telecom Major in Mauritius About the Client The client is a leading mobile and data services operator with licenses in 7 Middle Eastern and 15 sub-Saharan African countries. With employee strength of 15,000, the client provides comprehensive range of mobile voice and data services to over 50.74 million individual and business customers with revenue of $ 3 billion. Business Challenges/Needs of the Client The client wanted to address its key challenges such as: Changing consumer preferences Growing cost Lack of good understanding of customer behaviour Unavailability of information on customer churn Unavailability of standardized reporting on organizational basis Unavailability of reports on time Migration from operation to analytics Scattered data source Mahindra Satyam’s Solution Mahindra Satyam deployed a comprehensive solution leveraging its business intelligence solution accelerator iDecisionsâ„ ¢. The solution provided consolidated information to senior management and the ability to execute ad-hoc reporting. The solution helped client to undertake data analysis with data visualization capabilities in Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, Marketing and Revenue Intelligence along with the subject areas such as Churn Management, Loyalty Intelligence, Sales Management, Call Pattern / CDR intelligence. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ Telecom modules implemented for this project included Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, Marketing and Revenue Intelligence. The solution helped assess customer behaviour and pro-actively design marketing programs and identify cross sell / up-sell opportunities besides improving profitability by effective tracking of product/customer channel relationships. iDecisionsâ„ ¢ solution has been able to detect 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance. The customer loyalty & retention analytics along with the sales management analytics has resulted in customer retention rate of 33%. Thus out of a total of 30,000 probable churners, a total of 9,900 were retained. A total of US$ 900K was saved for client from iDecisionsâ„ ¢ churn solution in net savings for the fourth quarter. Business Benefits delivered to Client Detected 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance Customer retention rate of 33% Comprehensive view of information, from very highly aggregated summary information to the underlying events and detail transactions, for top management Savings to the tune of US$ 900K State of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Analytics based reports rather than just operational Ability to slice, dice and ad-hoc reporting for deeper understanding of customer behaviour Ability to asses insights on churn behaviour of subscribers thereby aiding to strategize new marketing initiatives About the Client The client is a leading service provider of cellular telephony in the Republic of Mauritius. It provides GSM and UTMS, GSM, GPRS, 3G/UMTS as well as 3.5G/HSDPA and WiMAX networks and offers a range of value-added services telecommunications services throughout the country. Business Challenges/Needs of the Client The client wanted to address its key challenges such as: Providing the senior management with a comprehensive view of information, from very highly aggregated summary information to the underlying events and detail transactions Providing state of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Providing Customer segmentation capabilities to the senior management through access to consolidated information Mahindra Satyam’s Solution Mahindra Satyam proposed iDecisionsâ„ ¢ framework for this implementation which is part of the iDecisionsâ„ ¢ suite of analytical applications that accelerates the implementation of a Business Intelligence solution with pre-built data model and analytical templates. Besides allowing the client to easily turn the volumes of data they collect and store into meaningful information, the implementation of business intelligence and data warehouse solution covered all the subject areas such as subscription intelligence, call pattern intelligence, roaming intelligence, revenue & margin intelligence, campaign intelligence, churn intelligence and sales intelligence. Business Benefits The solution helped the client to align BI technology initiatives closely with their business strategy and vision through the following benefits Business Intelligence Analysis Advanced Analytics Dashboards Strategic Decision Making

Sources Of Law Introduction To The Malaysian Legal System Sources Of Law

SOURCES OF LAW INTRODUCTION TO THE MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM SOURCES OF LAW The sources of Malaysian law refer to the legal sources i. e. the legal rules that make up the law in Malaysia. The sources of Malaysian law comprise: 1)Written law; and 2)Unwritten law Federal and State Constitutions Written Legislations & Delegated Legislations SOURCES OF MALAYSIAN LAW Judicial Decision English law Unwritten Islamic law Customary Law SOURCES OF LAW: UNWRITTEN LAW Unwritten law is the portion of Malaysian law which is not being enacted by the Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies and is not found in the Federal & State Constitutions.It is found in cases decided by the courts, local customs etc. – The unwritten law comprises the following: – i. Principles of English law applicable to the local circumstances. ii. Judicial decisions of a superior courts e. g. the High Courts, Courts of Appeal and the Federal Court. iii. Customs of the local inhabitants which have been accepted a s law by the courts. iv. Islamic law UNWRITTEN LAW – ENGLISH LAW English law comprises of the common law, the rules of equity and statutes :The common law is the unwritten law which was developed by judges in England based on customs and usages of the society.The common law is recognized and enforced through decisions of courts rather than through parliament or the executive branch of the government. The rules of equity is a body of legal rules formulated and administered by the Court of Chancery in England to supplement the rules and procedures of the common law. Statutes are the laws which are enacted by the legislature/parliament. Reception and Application of English Law in Malaysia ? Started with the informal reception in the Straits Settlement. ? Led to the Malay States through the intervention of the British Resident and advisors. As for the Borneo states since they became British protectorates in 1888, they too informally received English Law. ? The English Law was for mally received under three statutes: ? Civil Law Ordinance 1956 for Peninsular Malaysia ? Application of Laws Ordinance 1951 for Sabah ? Application of Laws Ordinance 1949 for Sarawak ? All the three statutes are now incorporated into the Civil Law Act 1956 ? The principles of English law can be applied in Malaysia by virtue of section 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956.It provides for the application of the principles of English law in Malaysian courts provided that: ? i) there is a lacuna in law, and ? ii)the principles of English law is suitable to the local circumstances. ? Lacuna = a blank gap or missing part ?Sec. 3(1)(a) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the Court shall in West Malaysia apply the English common law and rules of equity as administered in England on 7 April 1956. This means that only English law, which was used in England as at 7 April 1956 can be used in West Malaysia.Further development of English law after this date cannot be so applied. However, they m ay be persuasive, especially in the absence of local statutory provisions or case law. ?Sec. 3(1(b) of the the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the Court shall in Sabah apply the English common law, rules of equity and statutes of general application as administered or in force in England on 1 December 1951. ?As for Sarawak , sec. 3(1)(c) of the Civil Law Act 1956 allows the Court to use English common law, rules of equity and statutes of general application in force in England on 12 December 1949. English Commercial Law ? As for English commercial law, sec. 5(1) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that for West Malaysia (except for Penang and Malacca), the principles of English commercial law as at 7 April 1956 shall be applied in the absence of local legislation. ? As for the states of Penang, Malacca, Sabah & Sarawak – sec. 5(2) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the principles of English commercial law as at the date on which the matter has to be decided is to be used , where there is no Malaysian legislation on that area. However, as there are an increasing number of Malaysian statutes on commercial law, sec. 5 Civil Law Act 1956 is of diminishing importance. ? The local circumstances clause in sec 3 Civil Law Act 1956 is absent in sec 5 Civil Law Act 1956 , but in practice, sec 5 has been interpreted as if it is subject to this clause as – Shaik Sahied bin Abdullah Bajerai v Sockalingam Chettiar (1933) Section 5 [Specific Application Commercial Matters] ? S 5(1) – All West Malaysia states (Except Penang & Malacca) apply English Commercial Law including statutes on 7/4/1956 S 5(2) – Penang, Malacca, Sabah & Sarawak apply the relevant and applicable English Commercial Law on the date of trial HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN MALAYSIA Federal Court Courts of Appeal High Courts Sessions Courts Magistrates’ Courts Penghulu‘s Courts UNWRITTEN LAW – JUDICIAL PRECEDENT court decisions which make up the ? Judicial decision s are common law of a country. The courts make law by applying the existing law to new situations and by interpreting legislations. Judicial decisions form part of the law of Malaysia through the doctrine of judicial precedent. A judicial precedent is commonly defined as â€Å" a judgment or decision of a court of law cited as authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision†. ? Doctrine = a principle The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent. ? This doctrine states that an earlier decision of a higher ranked court is binding on a later lower ranked court, if the facts in both cases are similar. Thus the cases heard in a higher ranked court lay down legal principles which must be followed by the lower ranked court. Once a precedent is made, it remains binding unless and until overruled by a later decision. The doctrine of judicial precedent is based on the principle of stare decisis, this means that like cases should be treated alike. The general rule is that all courts ar e bound to follow decisions made by courts higher than themselves in the hierarchy and appellate courts are usually bound by their own previous decisions although there are exceptions. ? stare decisis = stand by what has been ? This practice of following precedent is also known as stare decisis (stand by what has been decided).It is a legacy of the English common law system. ? If a judge fails to follow a binding precedent, the decision will be legally wrong and it is likely to be reversed on appeal. Where there is no appeal, it can be overruled in a later case. ? The general rule is, where the subsequent case is in pari materia The Application of the doctrine of Binding Precedent in Malaysia to the earlier case: a) Courts of lower rank in Malaysia are bound to follow the decisions of the courts of higher rank in this country. However, there are exceptions: I.When there is a conflict of decision between higher courts of the same rank : in the case of two conflicting decision of the Court of Appeal, the lower court is entitled to decide which one to follow; in the case of two conflicting decision of the Federal Court the lower court must follow the later decision (because it represents the existing state of the law). Dalip Bhagwan Singh v PP (1998) In pari materia = upon the same matter or subject I. The decision of the higher court though not expressly overruled, cannot in the opinion of the court stand with a decision of the Federal Court. II.Distinguishing precedent – a judge may distinguish the case when there are material differences in facts between the case before him and the case laying down the precedent. ? Hierarchy of the Courts: Federal Court v Court of Appeal v Superior Cts. High Court v Sessions Court v Magistrates’ Court Subordinate Cts. ? Only superior courts are entitled to set up judicial precedents whereas the subordinate courts are duty bound to follow precedents. ? The Federal Court ? The highest ranking court and the final ap peal court. ? The decisions of the Federal Court are binding on all lower Courts. The Federal Court is only bound by its own decision in civil cases. ? Decision of The Court of Appeal ? The Court of Appeal is bound by the decision of the Federal Court. ? The Court of Appeal's decision is binding on all lower courts, including the High Court. ? The Court of Appeal is also bound by its own decision ? Decision of The High Court ? The High Court decision is binding on all subordinate courts. ? The High Court is not bound by its own decision. ? Decision of The Subordinate Court ? The Sessions Courts and Magistrates’ Courts are bound by the decision of the Superior Courts. The Sessions Court and Magistrates’ Court decisions are not binding on any court, including themselves . UNWRITTEN LAW – CUSTOMS ? The regular pattern of social behaviour, accepted by a ? ? ? ? given society as binding upon itself. Customs are proved through repeated acts practiced over a long perio d of time, leading to the conclusion that by common consent they have become the accepted norm, or the law of the place, to the exclusion of ordinary law. In Malaysia, the term is also known as adat or ‘native law & custom’ Art 160 of Federal Constitution includes ‘customs & usages having the force of law’ in the definition of law.This definition distinguished between customs that have legal consequences and those that do not. ? There is no common customary law for all communities. ? Malays – Adat Perpatih & Adat Temenggung ? Natives of Sabah & Sarawak – Native law & custom ? Chinese – Chinese Customary law ? Indian – Indian Customary law ? Customary law consists of customs and traditions including Malay adat, old Chinese and Hindu customs and native law. UNWRITTEN LAW – ISLAMIC LAW ?- Islamic law is another important source of Malaysian law.It refers to the legal rules that are part of the Syariah and enacted as legislati on in accordance with the Federal and State Constitution. incorporation of Islamic principles into land laws and banking laws. Islamic law applies to all Muslims and of particular importance are the laws relating to family matters (marriage & divorce) & division of assets/properties of the deceased persons. ? It is increasingly being applied in our local laws e. g. through the ? In Malaysia the Islamic law applied is of the Shafii school of jurisprudence (mazhab), with some modification by Malay adat (customary) law. Islamic law is applicable only to Muslims and is administered in the Syariah court. Except for the Federal Territories, the states have the power to administer the Islamic law. ? Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution states that the civil courts have no jurisdiction in respects of any matter within the jurisdiction of Syariah court. It posseses civil jurisdiction in proceedings between parties who are Muslims, and limited criminal jurisdictions over offences by Mu slims against religion. ? The Sources of Islamic law are: The Quran, Sunnah, Ijma’, Qiyas etc. SOURCES OF LAW: WRITTEN LAW –Written law is the most important source of law in Malaysia. It is in writing and includes the following: the Federal and State Constitutions, legislations and subsidiary/delegated legislation Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the country and no law can go against it. It sets out the structure of the government and states that Malaysia is a system of parliamentary democracy with no separation of legislative and executive branch. However, the judiciary is a separate branch. The Federal Constitution also states the basic rights of every citizens, such as rights to education, citizenship rights and voting rights.There is also freedom to practice one’s own religion, although Islam is the religion of the Federation. – – – – The State constitution sets out the structure of the state governments and provides fo r the existence of a State Legislative Assembly in each state. The function of the state Legislative Assembly is to enact laws for the state. Legislation is enacted by the Parliament at federal level and by the state Legislative Assembly at the state level. The Federal and State legislatures are not supreme as they can only enact laws in accordance with the stipulated procedures in the Federal and State Constitutions.Law made by the Parliament is called an ‘Act’ while law made by the State Legislative Assemblies is called an Enactment or Ordinance. Subsidiary or delegated legislation arises when parliament delegates its rights to make law to another body such as the Minister concerned or a local authority. These laws are known as regulations or by-laws. There is a need for delegation as the Parliament’s time is limited and sometimes specialized expertise in certain areas of the law is required WRITTEN LAW – FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ? The meaning of the term â €˜Constitution’ It is used in two senses: ?The body of legal and non-legal rules concerning the government of a state ? A single written document having special legal status, which establishes the state, and sets out the structure and powers of the state ? In Malaysia, there are 13 states and three federal territories ? There is one Federal Constitution and 13 States Constitutions ? The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. – The FC sets out the structure of the country’s government and states that Malaysia applies the system of parliamentary democracy. It lays down : i) the power of the Federal and State Governments ii) fundamental rights of ndividual such as the rights to education, voting & freedom to practice one’s own religion, although Islam is the official religion of the country. iii) Citizenship iv) the judiciary v) Financial provisions vi) Public Services vii) Relationship between Federation and the States viii) etc. WRITTEN LA W – STATE CONSTITUTION ? Each state has its own constitution. ? This constitution regulates the government of that particular state. ? The powers of a state is provided in the ‘State List' of the Federal Constitution. Example of matter which falls under the State List is Islamic personal and family laws. WRITTEN LAW – LEGISLATION Also known as primary legislation ? Refers to law enacted by: ? Parliament – at federal level ? State Legislative Assemblies – at state level ? Article 74(1) –Parliament makes laws on matters listed in the Federal List or Concurrent List ? Article 74(2) – State Legislature makes laws on matters listed in the State List or Concurrent List. ? Article 75 – if state law inconsistent with federal law the federal law prevails. Types of Legislation ACTS Enacted by Parliaments ENACTMENTS Enacted by State Legislative Assemblies ORDINANCES Promulgated by the YDPA During Emergency & Laws enacted by Sarawak State L egislative Assembly Laws enacted by the Parliament btw 1st Apr 1946 – 10th Sept 1959 ? Also known as delegated/ subordinate legislation ? Law made through powers delegated by the legislature to a WRITTEN LAW – SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION body or person via a parent statute ? Sec 3 of the Interpretation Act 1948 & 1967 defines SL as: ? ‘Any proclamation, rule, regulation, order, notification, bylaw or other instrument made under any Act, Ordinance or other lawful authority & having legislative effect. ’ ? Why SL is needed: i. The legislature has insufficient time ii.Better to leave the highly technical aspect of the legislation to the experts or administrators on the job iii. The legislature is not continuously in session & the procedures are cumbersome The Federal Constitution The general features of the Malaysian Federal Constitution: ? The Supremacy of the Federal Constitution. – In Ah Thian v Government of Malaysia (1976), Suffian LP pointed out that the doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy does not apply in Malaysia. Here we have a written constitution. The power of Parliament and state legislatures in Malaysia is limited by the Constitution. The legislature, the executive and the judiciary and all institutions created by the Federal Constitution and deriving their powers from it are subject to the provisions of the Federal Constitution. – Article 4(1) of the FC declares that the FC is the supreme law of the federation and any law passed after the merdeka day that is inconsistent with FC is (to the extent of the inconsistency) void. – Art 162 – pre merdeka laws shall be applied with such modifications as may be necessary to make them accord with the FC – In Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan & Anor v. Noordin Bin Salleh & Anor.The Supreme Court declared that a law passed by the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly to be void as the said state law contravened the provisions of the Federal Constitution that guaranteed the freedom of association. ? Fundamental Liberties/ Basic Human Rights ? The Constitution highlights and safeguards certain fundamental human rights essential for the continuance of human race. ? The constitution protects our freedom an restrains any law or any other power from encroaching and taking away our basic rights. ? Examples: o Article 5 – No one shall be deprived of his life or personal iberty except through the provisions of law. A person may not be unlawfully detained, he must be informed of the ground of his arrest and must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours. o Article 6- prohibits slavery and forced labour. o Article 7- protects against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials. o Article 8 –provides for equality before the law and equal protection of the law. o Article 9 – provides for freedom of movement o o o o Article 10 – freedom of speech, expression and association. Art 11 – Rights to profess & pr actice & propagate religion Art 12 – Rights of education Art 13 – Rights to propertyRestraints†¦ ? Art 5 – i) Govt. entitled to stop/prevent individual from leaving/visiting country for various reasons. E. g. political boycott, threat of war, pending criminal charges, etc . , ii) Internal Security Act – detention w/o trial : exempted from complying with Art 5 ? Art 6 – compulsory service for national purposes – work incidental to serving of imprisonment are not considered slavery/labor force ? Art 7 – the acquitted/convicted can be subjected to disciplinary action by a domestic tribunal for the same offence, OR being tried under difference statute Art 8 – Art 153 allows reservation of quotas for bumiputras – AG is given power to discriminate individual for public interest – Certain people – enjoy immunity. E. g. monarch, diplomat, special rapporteur for UN ? Art 9 – subject to banishment order m ade by Deputy Minister of Home Affairs under s 2(i) of Restricted Residence Enactment ? Art 10 – Freedom of speech: Defamation Act 1957, Sedition Act 1948, Official Secrecy Act, Printing Presses & Publications Act 1984 Freedom of Assembly : Permit is sin qua non. Has to satisfy the police the assembly is not prejudicial & excite disturbance of peace Art 11 – Propagation is subjected to clause 4 where the state & federal law may restrict, control the act of propagation of any religion among persons professing Islam Clause 5 – In exercising religious practices, The FC forbids any act which may lead to public disorder, affect public health or public morality. Case: (Halimatussaadiah v Public Service Commission, Malaysia, Anor [1992] ? Art 12 – subject to Art 152 : national language and Art 153 : bumiputra quotas. Case: Merdeka University v Govt of M’sia [1982] ? Art 13 – subject to acquisition by the govt. ut entitled to receive fair & reasonab le compensation. Case: K’jaan Negeri Johor & Anor v Adong bin Kuwau & Ors [1998] ? Amendment of the Federal Constitution ? All institutions created by the Federal Constitution and deriving their powers from it are subject to the provisions in Federal Constitution . ? The provisions that are written in the Federal Constitution can only be amended by certain methods provided for by the Federal Constitution itself. ? Article 159 provides for 4 methods by which the Federal Constitution can be amended: 1. Requiring Special Majorities 2. Requiring Consent of Conference of Ruler 3.Requiring Consent of Sabah & Sarawak 4. Not requiring Special Majorities DIVISIONS/CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW ? Legal rules can be divided up in many different ways. ? Not all legal rules are of the same type ? They show differences in purpose, in origin and form, in the consequences when the rules are breached and in matters of procedure, remedies and enforcement. EXAMPLES OF DIVISION OF LEGAL RULES ? 1. stat ute v common/case law ? 2. criminal law v civil law ? 3. national law v international law ? 4. public law v private law Criminal law v civil law ? Criminal law means the law relating to crime. Civil law means the law not relating to crime. ? The difference relies in the nature of the proceedings and the sanctions that may follow DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A CRIME AND A CIVIL WRONG CRIME ? 1. A crime is a public CIVIL WRONG ? 1. A civil wrong is an wrong. It constitutes breaches and violations of public rights and duties due to the community as a whole. infringement of a private civil right which belongs to an individual. ? 2. A crime is prosecuted by ? 2. A civil wrong is filed by the public prosecutor on behalf of the government; criminal charges cannot be filed by an individual.An act is a crime if the sanction is enforced at the discretion of the state using a criminal procedure. the damaged or wronged individual. An act is a civil wrong if the sanction is enforced at the discretion of the party whose right has been violated, using a civil procedure. ? 3. If the outcome of the ? 3. Civil wrongs are usually procedure is punishment in the form of sentencing after a finding of guilt, then the act or wrong is a crime. Crimes are punishable by imprisonment, fines or capital punishment. resolved through awarding monetary damages to the wronged individual.If the outcome is a judgment for damages, compensation, restitution, declaration of rights, order of specific performance, a prerogative order, etc. , then the act or wrong is a civil wrong. ? 4. The punishment for ? 4. There is no set limit on crimes has already been set down in rule and punishment is generally decided by the type of crime that was committed, the seriousness of the offence and, in some instances, the history of the offender. the amount one found guilty of a civil wrong can be made to pay. PUBLIC LAW V PRIVATE LAW ? Public law is concerned with the distribution nd exercise of power by the state and the legal relations between the state and the individual. ? For example, the rules governing the powers and duties of local authorities, the regulation of building standards, the issuing of passports, the compulsory purchase of land to build motorway all fall within the ambit of public law. ? Private law is concerned with the legal relationships between individuals such as the liability of employers towards their employees for injuries sustained at work, consumer’s rights against shopkeepers and manufacturers over faulty goods or owners’ rights to prevent others walking across their land.

Incest and Exogamy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incest and Exogamy - Essay Example The ambiguity of the incest taboo that has for so long confused anthropologists is still not reveled whilst it is seen as establishing a structure of exchanges among separate groups. As it is practically universal---some constraints on marriage are found in each and every society---the incest taboo has the impulsiveness of a natural desire. However since it is not a biological need (and Lvi-Strauss demonstrates this extremely convincingly via the case of cross-cousin marriage, which is a desire and not a need, while parallel-cousin marriage is better choice as that could be done to fulfill need and just a desire ) it partakes of a law, of a cultural obligation. The incest taboo is not so much a harmful restriction on the pool of marriage partners as a assurance that one group will gives its daughters to another group to fulfill the needs , as long as that the other group does the same. For Lvi-Strauss---and this is for the most part vital for family theory --the incest taboo prevents the marital family from dying in on itself as well as gives assurance to the fact that the wider society will definitely take preference over the family by means of marrying out side the family this group could be called non-family groups. Philosophically, incest asks a essential question of our changing mores: not just what is normal as well as what is deviant, it also asks if such a thing as deviance really exists at all in the r

Community Boundaries Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Boundaries Paper - Essay Example A healthy community encompassed balance and dynamic relationship between people, location, and the social system. To analyze the community of Jefferson County, Birmingham, Alabama, a description will be made in terms of people, location, and social system. Community Boundaries Environmental Boundaries (Location). A community is usually defined by geographic and political boundaries (Hunt, 2009, 10). Environmental boundaries may determine the availability of health services to the consumers of health care. Jefferson County has 1113 square miles of land area and 11.2 square miles of water area. The number of people living per square mile is high, which is 598 people per square mile thus, in case of an epidemic or occurrence of a communicable disease, the crowded location of people in the community may predispose the spread of a certain disease. Jefferson County’s boundaries include Walker County and Blount County in the North, Shelby County in the south, St. Clair County in east , and Tuscaloosa County in west. Majority of the people in Jefferson County are pro-Republicans (City-Data.com, 2003-2010, n.p.). A total of 34 hospitals are located in the Jefferson County, Alabama and majority of them focus on children and women’s health – a significant indicator why infant death rate decreases, while female population is greater than the male, and why the community transitioned to a child-developing community. Environmental Relationship (People). The diversity of the individuals living in a community contributes to the overall character of the community (Hunt, 2009, 9). To understand people and environmental relationship, it is essential to know the vital statistics and demographics of the community. For instance, Jefferson County is a diverse community, composed mainly of neighbors who are are either single/married, retirees of all ages, children, and interracial couples from Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, and others. Described in detail below are the empirical statistics of Jefferson County community. According to the July 2009 Census of the City-Data.com, Jefferson County has a total population of 665,027 with 89% urban and 11% rural: male has 312,089 (47.1%) rate while female has 349,958 (52.9%). The median age of male residents is 34 years old while female median age is 38 years old. Approximately, there are 598 people living per square mile. Majority of the people in in Jefferson County works in the industry of educational, health, and social services (21.8%) but there are also 8.7% of unemployed individuals. Several races live in Jefferson County particularly; White Non-Hispanic (53.9%), Black Non-Hispanic (40.6%), Hispanic or Latino (3.1%), Asian (1.4%), and two or more races (0.7%). The births per 1000 population from 2000-2006 is 14 while the death rate is 11. Infant death per 1000 live births is 11.5 and there are 13% members of the population who are not enrolled in health insurance program. Majority of the population is in a familial household with 2 members (City-Data.com, 2003-2010, n.p.). The characteristics of the people in the community define community health care needs thus, the suburban, female-domineering, married population of Jefferson County may promote families that are caring, nurturing, and strong. In addition, the nuclear-type family of Jefferson County may lead to self-reliance and isolation while median age of 30 and above is essential to the governing structure.

A business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A business plan - Essay Example The Banking industry faces challenges concerning the financial systems in place. This is because the systems do not favor the small-scale entrepreneurs’ needs. This is manifest in the hard conditions set for the small-scale loan seekers. Finansol requires capital of US$25M to start operations (Austin, 2008, 34). The changes of regulations that govern the financial institutions will also enable the bank to obtain these funds through lease financing. The company has also access to funds through certificate of deposits and the issuing of bonds. Additionally, Finansol can seek funding through the exchange of loan portfolios for favourable percentage of stock. The start of the banking business will proof realistic because of the favorable business environment in the banking industry. The banks will offer favorable sources of lending facilities to the clients in a bid to boost business activities. The financial forecast of Finansol is realistic because the figure provided indicates the true position of the organization in the next five

Strategic Management and Leadership (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management and Leadership (2) - Essay Example The company also has a wide portfolio of brands which are primarily designed for the EU markets like Saab, Opel and Vauxhall. GM also sold its US brands like Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick and Hummer in these markets. The shrinking consumer market as well as tougher credit situations worsened the situations for GM, and it had to seek the US government’s aid for bailout. As a part of the emergency aid, GM had agreed to a string of efficiency measures, which included selling off loss making units like its Europe division and closing down some other brands. GM initiated the sell off process of GM Europe, but backed out later as Opel, its marquee European car brand, is a critical component of its global development strategy (Vlasic, 2009). GM was heavily influenced by political factors both in the US and also in Europe. As it filed for bankruptcy protection in US and for government aid, it had to succumb to government pressure and accept a string of harsh measures that resulted in a major worldwide restructuring of its operations. In case of its European unit, it faced stiff opposition when it tried to close it manufacturing facilities in Germany and UK. Going forward, GM had to take into account political factors when it shortlisted possible suitors for the European unit. The world recession brought GM to its knees to the extent that it had to file for bankruptcy protection in US courts on June 1, 2009. In the year ending 2008, GM absorbed a 21% decrease in sales in its strongest market, North America and a relatively modest decrease of about 6.5% in the European market. However, these shrinks were partially offset by the growing markets of South America and Asia. The recession had a cyclical and vicious effect on GM’s US sales. With decreased availability of credit, there was a reduced off take of vehicles from dealers. In addition, increasing job losses due to recession meant lesser number potential

People in Jails with Mental Illness Research Paper

People in Jails with Mental Illness - Research Paper Example The methodology for this paper will be dependent upon a processed based approach. According to Lechner, â€Å"Process research deals primarily with the actions that lead to and support strategy†. Through examining how actions lead to strategy, the nature of the research is concerned with the micro level, â€Å"the behavior of individuals, groups, or other actors within the organization†. Process based research is founded on six guiding principles: ï‚Ÿ embeddedness (studying processes across a number levels of analysis) ï‚Ÿ temporal interconnectedness (studying processes in the past present and future) ï‚Ÿ explaining context and action ï‚Ÿ searching for holistic rather than linear explanations ï‚Ÿ linking analysis to the location ï‚Ÿ balancing scientific distance and empirical closeness While not all research will embody all of these aspects, in searching for the truths about the proposed topic, the information will be discussed using these concepts. Research Questions The following questions will be used to frame the topic of research: 1. How many people in the Miami-Dade County Jail are mentally ill? 2. What services are provided in the Miami-Dade County Jail program? 3. What is the police procedure concerning citizens who have broken the law but appear to be suffering from a mental illness? 4. What is the legal criteria to determine if someone is afforded mental illness care within the Miami-Dade County Jail system? Through secondary research, the Miami-Dade County Jail system will be assessed and reviewed in relationship to the research questions. Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department The most recent statistics, from June 11, 2011, show that there are 6,218 inmates in the Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department. Of those inmates, 5,743 are male and 475 are female. The largest percentage of the population are between the age of 18 and 34, representing 3,603 of the inmates. Of the inmates, 4,226 are there for felony charges with 4,455 of those inmates are at the partial sentence portion of their process. Miami-Dade County, at least by present statistics, seems to be primarily defined by male inmates who are still waiting for the full measure of their punishment to be sentenced. Mentally Ill Citizens in Prison In 2004, an undertaking was given to the grand jury to determine the state of the jail system in regard to mental illness. The task was taken up by the district attorney’s office to investigate the state of mental illness as it has been experienced within

Mortgages and the Federal Reserve Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mortgages and the Federal Reserve - Coursework Example The prospective client must be on the lookout for events that will lead to lower mortgage interest rates. He therefore needs to be equipped with the knowledge of how to forecast interest rates. An understanding of key economic indicators can provide clues to the future direction of interest rates. These indicators are usually published and are available to everyone. Based on Woodruff (2007), they are the following:   Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services produced by labor and property of a certain country and are considered as the most important economic indicator published. An increasing trend could lead to inflation and make the Federal Reserve raise interest rates in order to slow growth. A negative growth would mean a weaker economy but is desirable because interest rates will be lower due to the need to stimulate commerce.   Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicates the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services. It is the leading indicator of inflation. If the CPI registers an increasing trend, inflation is likely and interest rates are likely to rise. The converse is also true.   Producer Price Index (PPI) is a family of indexes that measures the average change over time in the selling prices (from the seller’s perspective) received by domestic producers of goods and services. High PPI is inflationary and leads to a decrease in bond prices and higher interest rates. The converse is also true.   Employment Situation: The payroll employment report involves data on employment, hours and earnings estimates based on payroll records of business establishments. It is also used to predict other important economic indicators such as Personal Income and Industrial Production. If the Payroll Employment registers a monthly increase or increasing trend, inflation is likely and could cause interest rates to rise. A smaller-than-expected figure causes yields and interest rates to fall.   Employment Situation: Information on the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed persons by occupation, industry, duration of unemployment, and a reason for unemployment is published by the government and use as a lagging indicator. A declining unemployment rate is considered inflationary and causes interest rates to hike. The converse is also true. The reason behind this is that as more people get employed, the more people are willing to compete for a property. Creditors find it as an opportunity to maximize sales.   Consumer Credit data provides information on levels of debt for industries such as auto financing and commercial banking credit and is a good indicator of consumer spending. Although it is considered as having little impact on interest rates, it gives an idea on the degree of consumer spending.   Housing Starts When housing starts to register a higher-than-expected increase, the economy is registering positive growth but it is considered inflationary. This scenario leads to falling in bond prices and yields and interest rates to rise. Likewise, decline or declining trend in housing activity slows the economy and can push it into a recession, causing yields and interest rates to fall.

Changing for Better Outcome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Changing for Better Outcome - Essay Example As application of CASS procedure would significantly reduce VAP cases, and any nurse working in units with vent-dependent clients should support the application of this procedure. Nursing accountability to clients would mean that they are accountable for implementing this practice safely. The application of the CASS procedure requires proper staff training, and nurses who care for vent-dependent clients should attend these training courses and in-services. Moreover, when nurses are competent to perform this procedure, they should strictly follow its guidelines. The additional mechanical suctioning apparatus only takes effect when monitored on hourly basis by nurses. The tubes may be disconnected due to built up pressure or by being accidentally hit by other staff members, thus frequent monitoring is a must. The aspiration function also stops automatically when the collection bottle for secretions is full. The negative pressure of the suctioning apparatus is set at proper level accord ing to secretion status of a particular client. Following evidence-based practice would guarantee for uninterrupted application of CASS procedure. To exemplify, the following sections present a potential client for such practice, as well as an understanding of my accountability as his nurse. VAP was not new to a vent-dependent client in my unit because this 59 year old male client had VAP almost monthly, if not biweekly. This client was in a comatose state. He had a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Example for Free

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt born on August 16th, 1832 in the German State of Baden was a philosopher, physician, professor and psychologist, and is considered by many as the â€Å"founder of modern psychology† or the â€Å"father of experimental psychology†. His contribution to psychology on a whole is noted favourably among modern psychologists; however, his labeling hence contribution to psychology as a science has distinguished him from many other prominent figures in the domain of psychology. He established the first laboratory committed exclusively to psychological research at the University in Leipzig, expanded experimental psychology as an established school of thought, developed the method of introspection which became the basis of the modern scientific method, wrote books and volumes of journals which channelled the spread of experimental psychology, and influenced different schools of thought such as structuralism and voluntarism. These were the major results of his efforts to pursue the study of human behavior in a systematic and scientific manner and his goal to establish psychology as a unique categorical science. Wundt, raised in a suburb called Neckarau, was the son of a Lutheran minister and grew up in an environment in which there were many scholars and intellectuals as both his parents’ families were made up of scholarly individuals such as historians, theologians, physicians and scientists. He therefore had a studious childhood and his education became solely the responsibility of his father’s assistant. His formal education began at the University of Tubingen, however, after staying for just one year he transferred to the University of Heidelberg where he became one of the top medical students in his class, graduated summa cum laude, and placed first in the state medical board examination (B. R. Hergenhahn, 2009). After graduating with his medical degree, he went on to the University of Berlin where he spent a year and after returned to Heidelberg where he became the lab assistant of famous physiologist Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz. It was during this tenure with von Helmholtz that Wundt began to develop his theory that psychology was a natural science. This influenced him to give lectures on his scientific approach to psychology and write his first book called Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception which in essence paved the way for his journey in proving psychology to be a science. Wundt remained at Heidelberg until 1874 when he got an offer to be a Professor of inductive philosophy at Zurich University in Switzerland. After staying there for a year he received an appointment to teach philosophy at the University of Leipzig back home in Germany which he accepted and stayed until his death in 1920. The scientific approach by Wundt had soon come to be known as ‘Wundtian psychology’ because of its difference from what is was known as before him. The roots of psychology are quite archaic and are in fact dated back centuries to the early Greeks such as Aristotle and Hippocrates who had contrasting views of whether the heart or the brain was the seat of the mind. Glassman Hadad (2009) believed that generally psychology emerged from two traditions: philosophy and the natural science. Philosophers were always interested in understanding the meaning of human experience and perception. This interest sparked several studies which â€Å"set the stage for the development of the sciences, including psychology, through their reliance on observation as a means of knowing their world† (Kasschau, 2003, p. 15). One such philosopher was John Locke who showed his interest in deliberating the role of learning in behaviour when he wrote his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which was published in 1690. Seventeenth century philosophers had introduced and popularized the idea of dualism, the concept that the mind and body are separate and distinct. Another famous philosopher Rene Descartes agreed with this idea; however he purported that there was still some interaction between mind and body. He had a mechanistic view of a human behaviour and reasoned that the mind and body influence each other to create a person’s experiences. He saw the mind as controlling the body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions. The scientific interests of psychology can also be dated back thousands of years with physicians such as Galen and Hippocrates who propelled their views of brain function. One scientist who emphatically influenced psychology was Isaac Newton. His work in physics helped to develop a scientific ‘method’ â€Å"consisting of observation, the formulation of hypotheses designed to predict events and outcomes and the subsequent testing of these hypotheses through further observation† (Watts, 2010). These elements remain central to the scientific method that is generally used in psychology. Also having great impact on psychology was Newton’s application of those methods and his theory of mechanical determinism. It was therefore believed that sciences such as biology, chemistry, physics and physiology had influenced aspects of psychology. Basically psychology was a combination or hybrid of different scientific fields and philosophy and was not seen as a distinct science. Philosophers such as Galileo, August Comte and Immanuel Kant rejected psychology as a science because they believed that it was outside the realm of science. Comte is noted famously for his exclusion of psychology from the classification of sciences which he wrote about in one of his famous writings Course of Positive Philosophy. John Stuart Mill, who was deeply influenced by and admired by Comte and his writings, disagreed with this exclusion. Mill voiced his objection of this exclusion and was of the opinion that psychology could become a science which he stated in his System of Logic in 1843; however, it needed someone with the scholarship and knowledge of how observation and experiments are made. Although Mill was of this position he did not go as far as to try to achieve this goal and only talked about doing psychological experiments; but Wundt took up the responsibility and actually did them. Therefore it was in the late 1800s and early 1900s that was the time when psychology broke away from philosophy and became a separate field of study (Plotnik Kouyoumdjian, 2011). Wundt believed that experimentation could be used to study only the simple processes of the mind but could not be used to study the more complex mental processes; however he did propose that it could help in the understanding of the higher mental processes. George A. Miller (1998) states that â€Å"For Wundt, psychology involved the analysis of consciousness into elements, the determination of the manner in which these elements are connected, and the determination of the laws of connection. This conception he borrowed from the British empiricists. Just as chemists had analyzed matter into atoms and anatomists had analyzed living systems into cells, psychologists, he decided, must analyze mind into the elementary sensations and feelings that make it up†.

Effective teachers Essay Example for Free

Effective teachers Essay I. The Power of an Effective Teacher and Why We Should Assess It This is the value of the teacher, who looks at a face and says theres something behind that and I want to reach that person, I want to influence that person, I want to encourage that person, I want to enrich, I want to call out that person who is behind that face, behind that colour, behind that language, behind that tradition, behind that culture. I believe you can do it. I know what was done for me. The transformative power of an effective teacher is something almost all of us have experienced and understand on a personal level. If we were particularly fortunate, we had numerous exceptional teachers who made school an exciting and interesting place. Those teachers possessed a passion for the subjects that they taught and genuine care for the students with whom they worked. They inspired us to play with ideas, think deeply about the subject matter, take on more challenging work, and even pursue careers in a particular field of study. Some exceptional teachers achieve celebrity status, such as Jaime Escalante, the math teacher who inspired the film Stand and Deliver, but thousands of unsung heroes go unrecognized in their remarkable work with students on a daily basis. ? II. Qualities of an Effective teacher Think back to when you were in school. Who was your favourite teacher? Who was the teacher you dreaded having? Almost everyone will instantly be able to answer these two questions. We’ve all had terrific teachers and, unfortunately, most of us have had teachers that were not effective. So what qualities does an effective teacher have that an ineffective teacher does not? The answer is that it takes a perfect blend of several qualities to create a truly effective teacher who can have a lasting impact on virtually every student. In this article, we examine ten qualities that virtually every effective teacher will possess. a)An effective teacher loves to teach. The single most important quality that every teacher should possess is a love and passion for teaching young people. Unfortunately, there are teachers who do not love what they do. This  single factor can destroy a teacher’s effectiveness quicker than anything else. Teachers who do not enjoy their job cannot possibly be effective day in and day out. There are too many discouraging factors associated with teaching that is difficult enough on a teacher who absolutely loves what they do, much less on one who doesn’t have the drive, passion, or enthusiasm for it. On top of that, kids are smarter than what we give them credit for. They will spot a phony quicker than anyone and thus destroy any credibility that the teacher may have. b)An effective teacher demonstrates a caring attitude. Even teachers who love their job can struggle in this area, not because they don’t care, but because they get caught up so much in the day to day routine of teaching that they can forget that their students have lives outside of school. Taking the time to get to know a student on a personal level takes a lot of time and dedication. There is also a line that no teacher wants to cross where their relationship becomes too personal. Elite teachers know how to balance this without crossing that line and once a student believes the teacher truly cares for them, then there is no limit to what that student can achieve. c)An effective teacher can relate to his or her students. The best teachers work hard to figure out how to relate to each of their students. Common interest can be hard to find, but exceptional teachers will find a way to connect with their students even if they have to fake it. For instance, you may have a student who is a Lego fanatic. You can relate to that student if you do something as simple as ordering a Lego catalogue and then going through it and discussing it with that student. Even if you have no actual interest in Lego’s, the student will think you do and thus naturally create a connection. d)An effective teacher is willing to think outside the box. There is no one set cookie cutter way to teach. A cookie cutter approach would likely be boring for both teachers and students. What makes teaching so exciting is that kids learn differently, and we have to find and utilize different strategies and differentiated learning to reach every student. What works for one student, will not work for every student. Teachers have to be willing to be creative and adaptive in their lessons, thinking outside the box on a continual basis. If you try to teach every concept in the same manner, there will be students who miss out on key factors because they aren’t wired to learn that way. e)An effective teacher is an excellent communicator. To be the best possible teacher you must be an effective communicator. However, in this area you are not just limited to being a skilled communicator to your students although that is a must. You must also be a strong communicator with parents of your students as well as your faculty/staff team within in your building. If you have a difficulty communicating with any of these three groups, then you limit your overall effectiveness as a teacher. f)An effective teacher is proactive rather than reactive. This can be one of most difficult aspects for a teacher to conquer. Intense planning and organization can ultimately make your job all the more less difficult. Teachers who plan ahead, looking for aspects that they might have issues with, and proactively looking for solutions to solve those problems will have less stress on them, than those teachers who wait until a problem arises and then tries to address it. Being proactive does not replace being adaptive. No matter how well you plan, there will be surprises. However, being proactive can cut down on these surprises tremendously, thus making you more effective overall. g)An effective teacher strives to be better. A teacher who has grown complacent in what they do is the most ineffective kind of teacher. Any teacher who is not looking for new and better teaching strategies isn’t being an effective teacher. No matter how long you have taught, you should always want to grow as a teacher. Every year there is new research, new technology, and new educational tools that could make you a better teacher. Seek out professional development opportunities and try to apply something new to your class every year. h)An effective teacher uses a variety of media in their lessons. Like it or not we are in the 21st century, and this generation of students was born in the digital age. These students have been bombarded by technological advances unlike any other generation. They have embraced it, and if we as teachers do not, then we are falling behind. This is not to say that we should eliminate textbooks and worksheets completely, but effective teachers are not afraid to implement other forms of media within their lessons. i)An effective teacher challenges their students. The most effective teachers, are often the ones that many students think are the most difficult. This is because they challenge their students and push them harder than the average teacher does. These are the teachers who are often students’ least favourite teachers at the time, but then later on in life they are the ones that we all remember and want to thank, because of how well they prepared us for life after our time with them. Being an effective teacher does not mean you are easy. It means that you challenge every one of your students and maximize your time with them so that they learn more than they ever thought they could learn. j)An effective teacher understands the content that they teach and knows how to explain that content in a manner that their students understand. There are teachers who do not know the content well enough to effectively teach it. There are teachers who are truly experts on the content, but struggle to effectively explain it to their students. The highly effective teacher both understands the content and explains it on level. This can be a difficult skill to accomplish, but the teachers who can, maximize their effectiveness as a teacher. III. Effective teaching strategies Six keys to classroom Excel a) Interest and explanation – â€Å"When our interest is aroused in something, whether it is an academic subject or a hobby, we enjoy working hard at it. We come to feel that we can in some way own it and use it to make sense of the world around us. † (p. 98). Coupled with the need to establish the relevance of content, instructors need to craft explanations that enable students to understand the material. This involves knowing what students understand and then forging connections between what is known and what is new. b) Concern and respect for students and student learning – Rams den starts with the negative about which he is assertive and unequivocal. â€Å"Truly awful teaching in higher education is most often revealed by a sheer lack of interest in and compassion for students and student learning. It repeatedly displays the classic symptom of making a subject seem more demanding than it actually is. Some people may get pleasure from this kind of masquerade. They are teaching very badly if they do. Good teaching is nothing to do with making things hard. It is nothing to do with frightening students. It is everything to do with benevolence and humility; it always tries to help students feel that a subject can be mastered; it encourages them to try things out for themselves and succeed at something quickly. † (p. 98) c) Appropriate assessment and feedback – This principle involves using a variety of assessment techniques and allowing students to demonstrate their mastery of the material in different ways. It avoids those assessment methods that encourage students to memorize and regurgitate. It recognizes the power of feedback to motivate more effort to learn. d)Clear goals and intellectual challenge – Effective teachers set high standards for students. They also articulate clear goals. Students should know up front what they will learn and what they will be expected to do with what they know. e)Independence, control and active engagement – â€Å"Good teaching fosters [a] sense of student control over learning and interest in the subject matter. † (p. 100). Good teachers create learning tasks appropriate to the student’s level of understanding. They also recognize the uniqueness of individual learners and avoid the temptation to impose â€Å"mass production† standards that treat all learners as if they were exactly the same. â€Å"It is worth stressing that we know that students who experience teaching of the kind that permits control by the learner not only learn better, but that they enjoy learning more. † (p. 102. ) f)Learning from students – â€Å"Effective teaching refuses to take its effect on students for granted. It sees the relation between teaching and learning as problematic, uncertain and relative. Good teaching is open to change: it involves constantly trying to find out what the effects of instruction are on learning, and modifying the instruction in the light of the evidence collected. † ?

Pica Disorder: Causes, Effects and Treatment

Pica Disorder: Causes, Effects and Treatment Introduction This essay will discuss one of the feeding and eating disorder called the Pica Disorder. Specific reference will be made to a clear explanation of the disorder, epidemiology, etiology and clinical features. The essay will also look at the DSM-IV-TR, summarise the key problem areas in Pica DSM-IV-TR classification, pathology and laboratory examination. It will further discuss the differential diagnosis, the prognosis and the treatment. The pica disorder has been recognized and explained since ancient times. The disorder is observed in ethnic groups around the entire world, in both the olden days and recent or modernised cultures; for both male and female and for different age groups. The name of the disorder derives from the Latin term for magpie, a bird known for its unusual indiscriminate eating habits. Pica has also been looked at in other animals such as chimpanzees. The disorder affects everyone but it is most common in young children. It doesn’t only appear on its own, it can manifest in the present of another disorder. Pica is treatable, but when the disorder is ignored, it can lead to death. What is Pica Disorder? Pica is defined as a continuous eating of unhealthy and unbalanced substances for a maximum period of one month (Waugh, Markham, Kreipe Walsh, 2010). There are no characteristics associated with biological disturbances for Pica disorder. Pica is only picked up when there are physical signs that need medical attention such as stomach pains and infections. Pica can also be examined even when the signs appear in the present of another disorder such as autism spectrum, schizophrenia, or intellectual disability. However, the only time Pica can be diagnosed is when it is discovered to be serious and continuous to seek clinical attention (Sadock, Sadock Ruiz, 2015). Pica occurs in children, adolescents and adults. It is recommended by the DSM-5 that the diagnosis of Pica is primarily under the age of two and it is most likely to manifests in children than in adults. Pica appears in both boys and girls or men and women and is sometimes combined with the cultural belief in the spiritual gain of digesting unhealthy food. In this case, a diagnostic of pica is not applicable (Sadock et al., 2015). Pica is also found in mentally disturbed people as well as in pregnant women. In women that are pregnant it is found that it is caused by geophagia (intake of clay) and amylophagia (intake of starch), (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Pica is usually diagnosed after a maximum appearance of one month, but according to the recent DSM-IV criteria, it is not appropriate to children that are still developing and to not look into the fact that children have a habit of sucking and putting objects into mouth. The DSM-5 diagnosis Pica for children under the age of two (chronologically and mentally), with no limitation of older ages; and in adult it is classified as an example of ‘other eating disorder’. Even though the DSM-5 adds Pica as a disorder that often manifests in young children or teenagers, it is obvious in the studies that have been done and reported that Pica is first diagnosed in adults. The persistent induction of Pica being an illness of infants and young children in DSM-5 accredits careful attention in the light of data that has got to do with age of opening and of an identification of the disorder (Waugh et al., 2010). People with mental deficiency or other occurring developmental disorders such as autism, usually get pica as one of the signs of a larger domain of complicated actions. At the moment, DSM-5 criteria states that it is pretty much obvious for one to be diagnosed with pica, if there are an indication of abnormal behaviours and if it is in the present of another mental disorder that it immediately seek clinical or medical attention (Waugh et al., 2010). Pica can be recognized by health professionals. â€Å"Pica can be a manifestation of a range of medical conditions and can lead to a variety of complications including lead and nicotine toxicity, surgical intervention requirements, and parasitic infestation† (Ali, 2001). The literature gives an indication of the epidemiology, etiology and various complications in people suffering from intellectual disorders. The literature also views different medical, cultural and psychological theories that paly a huge role on etiology as well as on various complications. A variety of terms have also been looked at that best describe the occurrence of pica; â€Å"geophagia is the ingestion of clay; coprophagia is the ingestion of faeces; pagophagia refers to the ingestion of ice; and amylophagia is the ingestion of starch† (Ali, 2001). Pica is therefore labelled clearly if one of the terms is identified or is exaggerated in the study of indiscriminate pica (Ali, 2001). Epidemiology Pica has been found to occur in well functioning young and old people, but the majority lies within people who have severe health cases of intellectual disabilities (Bell and Stein, 1990). The popularity of pica is ambiguous. A study of a big clinic population concluded that only 75 percent of infants (12months old) and 15 percent of toddlers (2- to 3-year olds) had put things or objects in their mouth, which is absolutely normal and does not necessarily lead to or cause ingestion (Sadock et al., 2015). Research has concluded that 15 percent of people with serious mental disturbances suffer from pica. However, pica affects both male and female fairly (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Pica has been looked at in three core perspectives: in children, some social contexts as a culturally sanctioned behaviour, and idiosyncratically. Many idiosyncratic reports are made in normal people and in people who suffer from intellectual disability. From infancy till 18 months, pica is regarded as normal because it is a developmental stage where children place substances in their mouth and it is known as physiological pica. For infancy pica is associated with risky substances that are placed in the mouth and with children above 18months, pica may be associated with intellectual abilities or faced stressors (Ali, 2001) Cultural sanctioned pica is associated with clay eating in the African contexts and it is also found to be the most common in pregnant women. Many pregnant women reported that they are consuming clay and some reported that they consume it on different occasions. Pica is observed in normal functioning individuals and intellectual disability people. Research looks primarily on people suffering from other chronic disorders such as dementia on old people as well as people with unbalanced diets (malnutrition). Research found that pica is serious in intellectual people, however it decreases with age but manifests heavily after the age of 70 (Ali, 2001). Pica is also found to create problems in social interactions for people suffering from the disorder, usually children would undergo social experiences such shyness, loneliness, and feeling inferior (Troop Bifulco, 2002). Etiology Many theorists have been asked to explain the abnormalities of pica and none of their ideas have been credited. There’s a major possibility of pica occurring in the person with families that show significant signs of the disorder. Absence of well-balanced substances has been speculated to be the major contributing factor to pica; often the desire to consume substances that are not healthy arises from dietary deficiencies. This is usually the desire to have ice or unhealthy substances which are known to be linked with the lack of iron and zinc. A common case of caregivers abandoning and deprival has been linked with many incidents of pica (Sadock Sadock, 2003). The reason for not having any care for infants and toddlers, as well as lack of sufficient feeding, leads to high risk of pica (Sadock et al., 2015). The features and incidents of pica are found to be too complex to only be revealed as one sign or cause. Pica is not showing to be a â€Å"disease† as such but rather a symptom that can occur in various physical and psychological problems. Etiology of pica is found in psychological, cultural, and medical theories (Ali, 2001). Psychological Theories Pica can be classified as a learned behaviour from people suffering from intellectual disorders, as they couldn’t differentiate between appropriate substances to consume and inappropriate substances. This is however contradicted by the look of things from people who compiled a research on hostile people concentrating on a certain substance to ingest. From other psychological theories, this is taken as a type of aggression. Pica is found to be higher in communities with little interaction among the society (Ali, 2001). Cultural Theories Geophagia is the main cause of pica associated to cultural theories. Consuming clay seems to be normal in most African people. Eating clay has been used as a method of detoxification. Clay is used as traditional remedies in most societies; also used for healing other infections such syphilis, increasing breast milk production and guiding the birth procedure (Ali, 2001). Medical Theories Medical theories look at a variety of components that cause pica disorder. These causes are the role of mineral status and nutrition, neurological or neurotransmitter pathology and psychiatric disorders and the addictive quality of the substance digested. There are lost sources to the correlation of lack of iron and pica. There’s confusion in the literature on whether pica disorder causes the lack of minerals, or if the lack of minerals is the result of pica. The idea of the lack of minerals, particularly lack of iron is the result of pica regarded as â€Å"nutrient hypothesis†. According to this hypothesis, pica is regarded as the responded actions to the deficiency. The proof in the context is found in past medical records and cases that have been reported. Lack of zinc has also been found to be the cause of pica. â€Å"Alternatively, the view that pica could cause a mineral deficiency is based on the observation that certain clays have chelating properties, that is they bind the mineral and hence prevent its absorption† (Ali, 2001). It has been displayed that eating clay can prevent the intake of elemental iron. Diagnosis and Clinical Features Having intakes of inappropriate substances continuously for a period of 18 months of age is not normal, even though DSM-5 considers under 2years for a diagnosis of pica. Actions of the disorder may start in infants 12months to 24 months of age. Certain things that are digested may differ with their approachability, and they expand with the child’s ability of progression and the resultant increased autonomy and induced parental care. Infants may put things like hair, cloth, paint etc. in their mouth, while toddlers on the other hand may digest things like animal feces, dirt, small stones and paper. The substances that children digest may cause clinical complications and can be harmful to the individual. Other sever implications are lead poisoning from consuming lead-based paint, intestinal parasites after eating soil or feces, lack haemoglobin and lack of zinc after eating of clay, serious lack of iron after eating of larger portions of starch, and internal pains from digestion of hair balls, stones and gravel. Pica during pregnancy is often less to the pregnancy on its own (Sadock et al., 2015) Summary of Key Problem Areas in Pica in DSM-IV-TR Classification Pica manifest beyond the age domain implying its induction in the categorizing system has to be considered again. Its manifestation in older people is built in the present of its choice of words (e.g. the describing of schizophrenia in criteria), but it’s not apparent at the same time to the clinician based on the induction in the system. There are some considerations that pica might be best described as the â€Å"obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder†. This consideration derives from the proof regarding the reaction to SSRI’s, and looking at compulsive, anxiety relieving components of the eating disorder. There’s a consideration that there may be two core types: â€Å"voluntary and involuntary†. This suggestion is not yet looked into and there’s some sort of proof that they will fall into subgroups. There must be changes on the induction of pica in the classification scheme so that it is not placed under the Feeding and Eating Disorder of I nfancy or Early Childhood (Waugh et al., 2010) Pathology and Laboratory Examination There has been no experiments showing a diagnosis of pica, but many experiments done in the lab are valuable as pica is usually linked with unnatural levels of lead. Levels of iron and zinc in serum must be established and rectified if little. In unusual instances when it is the causes, pica may vanish when oral iron and zinc are conducted. Haemoglobin level must be established to exclude anemia (sadock et al., 2015). Differential Diagnosis The various diagnosis of pica covers the avoidance of food, anorexia, or unusual lack of iron and zinc. Pica may happen in connection with a downfall to prosper, and be a dual diagnosis with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disease and kleine-Levin syndrome. Young ones also indicate unusual actions, involving the swallowing of toilet water, garbage and other unhealthy staff. Lead intoxication may be linked with pica. In terms of children who illustrate pica that requires clinical attention, along with another present disorder, both disorders must be coded based on the DSM-5 (Sadock et al., 2015). Course and Prognosis The prognosis of Pica is often well and, in children that are intellectually functioning, pica settles concurrently with several months. In young children, pica often undertakes with increasing age; in pregnant women pica is reduced due to the pregnancy and in adults, pica may continue for many years especially those suffering from autism and intellectual disabilities. Investigations on these people are too little to make valid conclusions (Sadock et al., 2015). The prognosis for people with pica differs, based on the kind and amount of substance taken, the extent of visible side effects and problems of pica may be turned back and if not treated, it may result to death (Encyclopaedia of Children’s Health, n.d.) Treatment When seeking for pica treatment, the first thing to be done is to look into the cause of pica at all times. When Pica manifest as malnutrition and lack of child supervision, it’s obvious that these incidents are avoided or stopped. There must also be an elimination of toxic substances such lead. No direct treatment available for pica as such, often treatment tries to achieve giving people lessons and modification of actions. Treatment includes various angles such psychosocial, environmental, behavioural and family supervision approaches. When lead is in the same environment as the child, it is only appropriate for the child to taken to a different surrounding. Behavioural shaping as well as behavioural models has been used to calm the disorder. Higher parental care, stimulation and emotional supervision will lead to positive outcomes. Research found that pica occurred from poor areas, and some sick people, rectifying the lack of iron and zinc removes pica. Medical conditions s uch lead poisoning must also be given medical attention (Sadock et al., 2015). Treatment of pica will rely on the etiology and the kind of pica. Conventional medical treatment may be relevant to some cases. For instance, certain pills with iron-containing vitamin have been proven to reduce the cause of seldom desires of substances to individuals who lack iron. Pica does not have exposed medical etiology in most instances; therefore it would be wise to utilize various methods of treatment such as therapy, psychoeducation, and ways to maintain good health (Encyclopaedia of Children’s Health, n.d.) Behavioural Treatments for Pica Self-Protection Device Self-protective devices (SPD’s) are used to get rid of any chance of getting into contact with pica. SDP’s include bags or jackets that cover the arms and helmets that prevent an opportunity to the person’s mouth. Overcorrection Overcorrection methods are used to educate appropriate actions through overestimated actions. Overcorrection involves the unforeseen circumstances of one of the following: Oral hygiene: people must brush their teeth for certain duration with a toothbrush immersed in a mildly aversive mixture. Personal Hygiene: people must be careful and also wash their hands, face and anus. Tidying: people must keep their places clean and empty rubbish bins. (Bell and Stein, 1990) Behaviour Treatment Programmes Treatment programmes involves hierarchal interventions, starting with positive support for substitution of behaviour. Various supports of possible and various supports of other behaviours are in all programmes; these include visual screening with goggles, personal hygiene, and unpredicted restraint (Williams, Sanchez, Enzinna, Dunn Karasack., 2009). Prevention The prevention methods of pica are unknown. As soon as the disorder is found or suspected, certain steps in reducing the symptoms are considered. Getting rid of a certain substance from readily available places may be wise. A person with pica may need to be under supervision to be able to avoid inappropriate behaviours (Encyclopaedia of Children’s Health, n.d.). Conclusion In conclusion, pica is a disorder that manifests after a continuous eating of non-nutritive substances for a maximum period of one month. The diagnosis is usually under two years of age according to the DSM-5 diagnosis criteria. Pica affects both male and female and it sometimes appears in the present of another disorder such as autism spectrum, schizophrenia and intellectual disorders. Pica is usually diagnosed after a maximum appearance of one month, but according to the recent DSM-IV criteria, it is not appropriate to children that are still developing and to not look into the fact that children have a habit of sucking and putting objects into mouth. People who suffer from pica are usually the ones that have severe health cases of intellectual disorders. It can be caused by various things and it is found in cultural, psychological and medical theories. There are various ways to treat the symptoms of pica, however, no prevention has been found for pica but the disorder can be reduc ed using various methods. Comparison of Ageing Policies: Australia and Canada Comparison of Ageing Policies: Australia and Canada The young disabled children should be provided with the special schools. The rights should be ensured for the disabled people. The disabled people should be given the employment options. Policies on aging in Australia As the populace in Australia ages there will be changes in expansive zones and an immense scope of issues should have been tended to. These include: A developing interest for matured consideration administrations and astounding and fitting wellbeing. The requirement for practical and sufficient measure of pay to backing the retirement living. The requirement for positive group disposition and individual for maturing. The requirement for backing from the group and base which is age-accommodating and the Australians to empower to stay joined and take part in the general public. The significance of more established individuals to stay free and sound for whatever length of time that conceivable. The objective for Australians national procedure for maturing is to convey all Australians with the best results paying little mind to age. It is the reaction for the national system which is the structure to the open doors and difficulties which will show the more established Australia. It is a vehicle which will draw in the Australian group in the administration which is continuous by the legislature of ward. POLICIES OF AGING IN CANADA : Canada has been a dynamic member and a pioneer in the usage and improvement for the rules for groups and urban communities which is age-accommodating. World Health Organization in 2007 added to the rules for urban areas which is age-accommodating and upheld by authorities and Canadian government subsidizing association. The national system for maturing under the government: Verify that maturing individuals have helpful and auspicious access to the expert health awareness they require. Build sheltered and powerful meds solution for seniors. Unite regions and procurements for the entrance to superb and home care administrations. To guarantee that relatives and companions have fitting backings on a casual premise who deal with their more seasoned friends and family. Build up a national wellbeing system with the collaboration of the areas to expand speculation and enhance support for parental figures. Similarities Both Australian and Canadian government are submitted in serving the maturing populace independent of their ethnic and social foundation. Both governments plan to organize a superior care crosswise over social and wellbeing administrations, and also diminish the weight on the frameworks of human services and bolster the individuals with solid maturing. Both governments permit their maturing populace to age effortlessly in their decision of homes climate it is a retirement town or their private homes. Both Australian and Canadian government gives reasonable lodging offers to the maturing individuals which is helpful in meeting the more established people groups evolving needs. Concerning their job strategies both nations have very comparative methodology like upgrade motivating forces so that more seasoned specialists can stay in workforce for more period. The data accessible to the people about their qualifications later on ought to be made strides DIFFERENCES : Both Australia and Canada use different instrument to understand and screen the current situation of their developing people. While Australia sees the home based thought maintained by the gathering to be a useful step for more settled people, the Canadian government pick pleasing hotel as an open entryway for acquisition of cabin especially for developing people. In Canada the advantages capability for more settled people is 65 years anyway it can be affirmed even at 60 years of age yet in Australia more prepared people can work in their old age in light of the way that the Australian government see the upsides of using more prepared people and assigned a boss for age isolation who advocates the benefits of more settled workers. Policies that operate in New Zealand (aging) New Zealands vision of positive ageing is where older people are recognised and are highly valued as an integral part of communities and their families. According to the positive ageing strategy which provides a framework for understanding and developing policy for positive ageing reflects the experiences and attitudes older people have about themselves and how todays younger generations view ageing which includes their own ageing. The strategy for positive ageing in New Zealand identifies ten goals for older people. Ageing in the community: older people to feel secure and safe and can age gracefully in their community. Income: adequate and secure income for older people. Housing: appropriate and affordable housing choice for older people. Health: accessible, timely, equitable, and affordable health care services for older people. Positive attitudes: all aged people should have positive attitudes to older people and ageing people. Rural services: older people who are living in the rural communities should not be disadvantaged while accessing the services. Employment opportunities: promotion of flexible working options and elimination of ageism. Cultural diversity: a range of appropriate cultural services allows older people to choose. Transport: appropriate and affordable options for the transport for older people. Opportunities for participation and personal growth: increase in opportunities for community participation and personal growth. Comparing the policies with New Zealand Australia and Canada have practically comparative approaches on work opportunities, wellbeing and lodging as New Zealand as to maturing. New Zealand has set a procedure arrangement for their maturing populace thus has Australia and Canada. Every one of the three nations addresses reasonableness without segregation. All the policies concentrated on providing the better facilities of the people of old age. Service Delivery Policies on disability in Australia Department of health National disability agreement funds a range of services under the Australian government which is related to disability. These services are designed to improve the lives of people who are suffering from disability and the service providers ensures that the people with disability have the opportunity to participate in their communities. The disability service commission is one such organization in Australia which is a government agency who is responsible for program development, policy and service planning which affects the needs and rights of Australians with disabilities. Service include: Individual and family support. Respite support for carers. Community based support and accommodation. Vocational development and post school skills. Equipment and aids. Resources to create a community which is accessible DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES Disability and carers support people who are suffering from disability through services and programs and also with payments and benefits. Disability and carers also help with mental health in Australia. Support are also provided through funding and grants for organisations who deliver services to people with mental health and disability. Service Delivery Policies on Disability in Canada Ministry of community and social services Under the ministry of community and social services program it helps people who are suffering from financial help for housing and food and living expenses. Ministry for social development and social innovation It provides assistance and employment programs for people with disabilities. The Canadian government offers a range of financial benefits and services to assist their family members and the people with disabilities. Service delivery policies in New Zealand on disability International Service Delivery Policy on Disability in New Zealand. Service delivery in New Zealand in Disability. The Ministry of Health The service of wellbeing has two principle parts with respect to the procurement of handicap bolster administration. The principal part is to give strategy counsel to the administration on the way of scope of requirements RHAs are obliged to address and second part is to screen the RHA consistence and execution with their agreement with the legislature. Core Service Committee The National Advisory Committee on center wellbeing and inability backing gives autonomous approach counsel to the Minister and the to the national warning advisory group on wellbeing and handicap on the accompanying matters: Public wellbeing issues, including fundamental the soundness of individuals and council. The advancement of general wellbeing The checking of general wellbeing Any different matters the national warning council on wellbeing and inability determines by the notification to the committee. Public Health Commission The general wellbeing commission was situated up to enhance and ensure the strength of New Zealand individuals. The commissions parts are to screen and investigate the condition of general wellbeing, counsel the priest of wellbeing on general wellbeing objectives, techniques and strategies, and buy general wellbeing administration. Comparing the policies (New Zealand) with the policies of Canada and Australia The service delivery policies in Canada focuses on the social life of the people with disability. They wanted to improve the lifestyle of the disabled people in accordance to their life in the society. On the other hand the policies of Australia and New Zealand were concentrated on the physical well being as well as the social well being of the person with disability. Service delivery policies of Australia on Aging; In order to make the life of aged people in Australia more comfortable and better, the kangaroo government has made many policies for them. Some of them are as follows: Residential cares : The government has established the number of aged cares centres in order to provide the best cares for the people in aged people. They are given the home based environment so that they can spend the rest of their life in peace and in comfortable manner. Home and Community Care (HACC): HACC administrations will be consumed into the Home Support Program, HACC administrations will be consumed into the Home Support Program, together with the National Respite for Carers program, Assistance with Care and Housing for the Aged, and Day Therapy Centres. HACC administration sorts, arranging areas and unit estimating will be explored, and another national charges strategy will be presented. Appraisal procedures will be audited, with an aim to adjusting together with the National Respite for Carers program, Assistance with Care and Housing for the Aged, and Day Therapy Centre. HACC administration sorts, arranging areas and unit estimating will be explored, and another national charges strategy will be presented. Appraisal procedures and will be audited, with an aim to adjusting. Role of social workers: The Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) is the main national association for social workers in Australia, with more than 7,000 individuals, a large number of whom are included in the conveyance of matured consideration and carer bolster benefits in a scope of fields of work on including direct administration conveyance, promotion, administration arranging, administration, administration improvement and approach. Other social labourers are included in supporting more seasoned individuals in numerous different territories of practice connected with the social work calling including wellbeing, lodging, pay bolster, backing to Indigenous Australians, inability, workforce support and group advancement. Service delivery policies in Canada for aging: Some of the policies by the government of Canada for the people of old age are given below: Canadas retirement income system The retirement salary framework in Canada comprises of three columns two open and one private. Canadas two open benefits programs, Old Age Security and the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans, guarantee a base level of salary in retirement for Canadian seniors. The private column comprises of assessment conceded retirement funds in head honcho supported enlisted annuity arranges (RPPs) and individual enrolled retirement reserve funds arranges (RRSPs). The expense deferral gave on investment funds in these arrangements urges Canadians to put something aside for retirement to help keep up preretirement ways of life. Other money related help is accessible to seniors through the pay charge framework. Case in point, the Age Credit and the Pension Income Credit diminish the measure of assessment seniors owe. Old Age Security (OAS) OAS advantages give fundamental salary to Canadian nationals and inhabitants who meet age, habitation and legitimate status prerequisites. It is financed from Government of Canada general incomes and listed quarterly to the Consumer Price Index. Perceiving the troublesome monetary circumstances confronted by numerous seniors, OAS gives extra pay tried advantages for low-salary people through the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), the Allowance and the Allowance for the Survivor. The GIS is a month to month advantage accessible to OAS beneficiaries with practically zero other wage. The measure of the advantage is subordinate upon conjugal status, home and salary. The Allowance is accessible to qualified 60 to 64 year-old companions and basic law accomplices of OAS/GIS beneficiaries. The Allowance for the Survivor is accessible to low-pay people matured 60 to 64 whose mate or regular law accomplice is expired and who neither remarried nor went into a typical law relationship. Canada Pension Plan (CPP) The CPP is together represented by Canadas elected and common governments and works all through Canada, with the exception of in Quebec that has its own tantamount arrangement. The CPP accommodates a mixed bag of advantages in light of life changes. Best known for its retirement benefits, the CPP likewise gives advantages to surviving accomplices and offspring of CPP donors, individuals with handicaps and their youngsters and an one-time most extreme advantage of $2,500 in the occasion of death. It is a contributory arrangement; supporters are representatives or independently employed persons between the ages of 18 and 70 who gain no less than a base sum amid a logbook year. Advantages are computed in light of how much and for to what extent a giver has paid into the CPP. The service delivery policies for aging in New Zealand Ministry of Health (New Zealand) The Governments principal advisor on health and disability: improving, promoting and protecting the health of all New Zealanders. They provide home support care services, residential care services and funding for special services. District Health Board District health boards (DHBs) are in charge for providing or funding the running of health services in their region. Disability and elderly support services and some health services are subsidized and obtained nation-wide by the Ministry of Health. Ministry of Social Development The Ministry of Social Development deals with various services for seniors. This is a complete means to describe these services and provide you with appropriate contact information, for instance rest homes and hospital. SuperGold Card Once you have been approved of New Zealand Superannuation the elderly over 65 years of age will be automatically send a Super Gold card. It provides discounts and gives a range of government and businesses concessions for example free off-peak public transport and including discounted services from the local council. The Residential Care Subsidy The Ministry of Health decides that if you get a Residential Care Subsidy, the following things needs to be present in order to qualified for a residential care subsidy, if you are considered for needing an long –term residential care in a rest home or hospital, if you need the care for an unlimited time, if the rest home or the hospital is approved and if you are 65 years or older and if you are below the age of 65 years than there are conditions that would apply. Also it depends on your spouse income or any asset that your partner may be having. Comparing the policies of these countries on aging: The policies of all the countries focused on providing the better facilities for the people with old age regarding their health and social life. In Australia the main point of focus was to provide the care in terms of their health and society. The Canada’s government is mainly concentrated on proving the better financial facilities for the people of old age. The policies of New Zealand mainly concentrated on proving the better facilities for the people in terms of their medications and lifestyle.