Tony Blair - Address to US Congress Accepting the Congressional Gold Medal free essay sample

Basically CONTRAST THE KEY ELEMENT OF GUCCI’S MARKETING STRATEGY TO ITS CLOSEST COMPETITOR. Legitimize WHY YOU HAVE CHOSEN THIS COMPANY AS GUCCI’S CLOSEST COMPETITORS Gucci is one of the most remarkable pioneers in extravagance design advertise. Gucci is established by Guccio Gucci in 1921 in Florence, Italy. Presently, Gucci is the piece of Gucci Group and Pinault Printemps Recloute (PPR). The globalization of the style condition and lift in the western economies change Gucci from a little Italian organization in to enormous extravagance design brand in worldwide level. In 1980s, Gucci had lost its intrigue and turned into a cheap brand and was likewise in profound money related emergency. However, Tom Ford raised Gucci from dead and discovered the company’s driving status and keeps up their client dependability. He made Gucci’s picture as: smooth, hot, and brave. What's more, Frida Giannini the new imaginative chief of Gucci after Tom Ford changed the picture of Gucci from hot to exotic nature. There are different sides to a brand like Gucci: the spectacular, truly popular side yet additionally with its foundations and legacy of 90yrs history and craftsmans working for Gucci. (Frida Giannini , The Times, sept 5, 2009) For the Gucci’s resurrection advertising blend assumes a fundamental job. The idea of 4Ps or the advertising blend is to clarify the relationship of item, value, advancement and spot with in the brand/business. The showcasing blend is set of promoting devices that the firm uses to seek after its advertising goals in the objective market. Thus, this hypothesis recommends that all brands/business need the correct item, sell that item at right cost, in the ideal spot, utilizing the most appropriate advancement. Fundamentally marks utilize this idea to draw in their objective customer to coordinate their needs and requests. Out of these 4Ps item is primary centered zone of advertising blend in light of the fact that the item is mix of unmistakable and immaterial offer that a brand offers to client to bring in cash. Item tends to the need of purchaser. The item must have the correct highlights like: it must look great and function admirably. â€Å"When all around structured, great quality item is at the foundation of the advertising effort it regularly includes a level of realness and truthfulness to the showcasing system. † (Gary Aspden †Adidas) For instance: buyer needs to fit in with the friend gathering and the issue of how best to do this is tackled by wearing specific brand’s stylish item. Acing Fashion Marketing, Tim Jackson, 2008). As referenced before that item is the fundamental component of the showcasing blend and in that item classification footwear is the primary centered region. â€Å"Shoes are consistently the most significant thing since they are what your identity is . They change the manner in which you walk, the manner in which you move. † †Tom Ford The market for the footwear class is United Kingdom. The explanation for picking this market is that the United Kingdom footwear showcase, the estimation of this market is arrived at a record high of over ? bn in 2008. The UK is one of Europe’s driving footwear markets, representing almost 19% of the European footwear deals. PRODUCTSGUCCIPRADACHANELLouis Vuitton Women’s wear Men’s wear Shoes Hand Bags Jewelry Fragrance Watches Eye wear Beauty items X Hats Tie Scarves Based on the previously mentioned table Gucci's rivals are Prada, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. The purposes for taking just these brands are these four brands are extremely well known in extravagance advertise everywhere throughout the world. In this way, through this table get the essential thought of the item astute correlation in these four brands. All the four brands have practically comparative items however the character is extraordinary. Gucci is considerably more like Prada regarding brand picture and item correlation. The brand picture of Gucci and Prada is exceptionally enchanting, incredible, cultivated, attractive and chic. Where as Chanel and Louis Vuitton have exceptionally shrewd, exemplary, refined and develop character. As far as costs Gucci and Prada go connected at the hip while Louis Vuitton and Chanel are very costly as contrast with Gucci and Prada. While contrasting the brand estimation of these brands and the positioning of Top 100 Brands Louis Vuitton remains on seventeenth position with the brand estimation of $21,120millions, Gucci remains on 45th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions, Chanel remains on 60th position with the brand estimation of $6040 millions and Prada remains on 91th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions. Along these lines, as contrasting the brand worth and rank of top 100 brands Chanel will be the nearest contender of Gucci. Be that as it may, here the examination depends on the item in this way, Prada will the Gucci’s nearest contender on the grounds that according to the product offering and brand picture Prada is Gucci’s nearest contender. GucciPrada As, referenced prior in the product offering Prada is the nearest contender of Gucci. Here, the pictures from Prada and Gucci men’s footwear assortment of Spring Summer 2010. The structure of the item is comparative, state of the shoes is likewise comparative, and material they utilized is additionally same. The cut detail of the outside counter of the shoes is additionally comparable. From the top view both the shoes look fundamentally the same as The sewing point of interest is comparable however Gucci gave dull shading channeling on the toe top and gave same shading sewing where as Prada gave differentiate shading sewing enumerating which is very observable. The shades of these shoes are distinctive Gucci utilized Bordeaux shading in softened cowhide material which gives extremely dull look while Prada utilized same material in Red shading which gives exceptionally brilliant and keen look. Prada likewise gave a logo on side of the shoe while Gucci gave green, red and green shading web stripe. The enumerating on the tongue of the shoes is likewise unique Gucci gave crisscross look on the edge which gave an unpleasant look however its completed where Prada gave completed look sewing which give complex look. The coating of the both the shoes are likewise comparative as far as shading and calfskin in sole logo. The shade of the sole is additionally comparative yet itemizing is distinctive Gucci gave their own image logo enumerating on the elastic sole where as Prada utilized decent specifying on drive sole. The cost of Gucci’s shoes is $530 where as Prada shoes cost around $557. Great plan and shading and with reasonable value Prada is better than Gucci in this correlation. Gucci Prada This promoting effort is for Autumn Winter 2009/10 for Prada and Gucci for the footwear assortment. In both the promoting effort both the brand concentrated distinctly on the item. Gucci’s items are exceptionally gleaming and spectacular which speaks to urban, delightful, youthful and chic look. Where as Prada shoes are enlivened by Trojan protective cap/headgear which gives extremely a la mode and cool look and more spotlight on item enumerating. Gucci ( Gucci’s store show window is extremely essential with aroma bottle shape with yellow light and satchel shape with pink light and setting is brightened with Gucci logo. In the showcase Gucci show sacks and shoes together. The feeling and the light impact give rich look to Gucci’s show window. In the showcase window Gucci just showed their essential and great sack and shoes. While Gucci’s picture is exotic, smooth and attractive, however through this window show Gucci can not pass on its image picture. In any case, the light impact, atmosphere and item supplement one another. Be that as it may, this showcase doesn't Whereas Prada’s window show is absolutely inverse to Gucci’s window show. Prada give more spotlight on their item in the presentation window. Prada utilized six silver mannequins to show their footwear and which gave exceptionally stylish look. Indeed, even the shade of footwear is extremely decent and eye snappy when it put on those silver mannequins. The situation of the mannequins is likewise extremely decent, they showed 3 mannequins the correct way and rest of 3 mannequins they simply flip it with the goal that the item can feature more. Furthermore, they utilized white lights for the presentation. Along these lines, through this window show Prada pass on their image picture which in vogue, savvy, provocative and exotic. In this manner, to finish up we can say that Prada is Gucci’s nearest contenders. The explanation for this is Prada offer practically all the item which Gucci offers and the brand picture of Gucci and Prada is same which is provocative, smooth, sexy and savvy. In product offering in a similar season Gucci and Prada offers practically comparable shoes however Prada’s shoes are brilliant and in vogue where as Gucci’s shoes give dull look. Along these lines, from that correlation Gucci can't keep up their image picture where as Prada’s shoes are straightforward however Prada keep up their image picture which is exceptionally brilliant. While contrasting the publicizing effort and the store show window, Prada and Gucci go inseparably as far as pass on the message through promoting effort and furthermore feature their picture through store atmosphere. Be that as it may, Gucci has 278 stores all around the globe where as Prada have 128 stores far and wide. Along these lines, universally Gucci is more celebrated than Prada. The brand estimation of Gucci is more than Prada. Reference: Websites: http://bwnt. businessweek. com/interactive_reports/best_global_brands_2009/list. asp? sortCol=rankid=1=2=50 http://www. stanforddaily. com/2009/03/06/milan-style week-genders out/http://www. researchandmarkets. com/research/34a553/footwear_market_re Books: Journals: Images: Prada Display: http://williamyan. com/blog/2009/7/24/retail-prada-window-show in-soho. html) Gucci show: http://www. bobbintalk. com/2009/11/window-shopping-gucci. html

Stock Market Performance and Economic Activity Relationship

Financial exchange Performance and Economic Activity Relationship Presentation The discussion of whether financial exchange is related with monetary development or the securities exchange can be filled in as the financial marker to anticipate future. As per numerous financial experts securities exchange can be an explanation behind the future downturn if there is a gigantic decline in the stock cost or the other way around. Be that as it may, there are proof of disputable issue about the capacity of forecast from the securities exchange isn't dependable if there is a circumstance like 1987 securities exchange slammed followed by the monetary downturn and 1997 money related emergencies. (Financial exchange and monetary development in Malaysia: causality test). The point of the investigation is to discover the connection between the securities exchange execution and the genuine financial movement in the event of four nations The UK, The USA, Malaysia and Japan. With my restricted information I have attempted to discover the job of monetary improvement in animating financial development. A great deal of financial analysts have distinctive view about securities exchange improvement and the monetary development. On the off chance that we center around some related writing distributed on this subject one inquiry emerges: Is financial improvement is influenced by securities exchange advancement? Despite the fact that there are heaps of discussion on some are stating that securities exchange can support the economy however the impact of financial exchange in the economy particularly in the economy is practically nothing. Ross Levine recommended in his paper distributed in 1998 that ongoing proof proposed securities exchange can truly give a blast to monetary development. (REFERENCE) It isn't generally conceivable to quantify the development by essentially taking a gander at the ups and down in the securities exchange pointer and by taking a gander at the paces of development in GDP. A great deal of things can cause in the development of securities exchange like changes in the financial framework, remote interest in the in the money related market may take part emphatically. Obviously it appears that these improvements can cause advancement of securities exchange followed by the great monetary development. Be that as it may, to check the precision one required to follow a suitable technique which would seriously quantify whether stock cost is truly affecting the monetary development or not? In my work I have attempted to discover the co coordinating connection between Stock cost and GDP and attempted to check if there is a since quite a while ago run and short run connection between the stock cost and GDP. The strategy utilized for the investigations is Engle Granger co joining technique. To do this I have utilized ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test) to check for the fixed conduct of the factors and afterward I have played out the Engle Granger Engle Granger co incorporation technique followed by leftover based blunder rectification model. To check for the short run relationship I have utilized second stage Engle Granger co joining technique. To check the causal impact of the four nations securities exchange and financial development I utilized Granger Causality Method. In this paper I have surveyed a few investigations of researchers which I have talked about on the writing audit part. This paper contains five sections Section two is about the writing dependent on the past wok of researchers. Section Three talked about the Data. Section four is about the approach, Results are talked about on section five and section six is about the rundown and finish of the entire investigation. In my work I have established there is no since a long time ago run connection between financial exchange and monetary development in each of the four nations. What's more there is no causal connection between stock list yield and the national economy development rate. The observational aftereffects of the proposition reasons that the chance of apparently unusual connection between the stock record and national economy of these for nations. Writing Review: Financial exchange adds to monetary development in various manners either legitimately or in a roundabout way. The elements of financial exchange are reserve funds preparation, Liquidity creation, and Risk expansion, keep control on disintermediation, data picking up and upgraded motivation for corporate control. The connection between financial exchange and monetary development has gotten an issue of broad investigation. There is constantly an inquiry whether the financial exchange straightforwardly impact monetary development. A great deal of research and results shows that there is a solid connection between securities exchange and financial development. Proof on whether money related improvement causes development help to accommodate these perspectives. On the off chance that we return to the investigation of Schumpeter (1912) his examinations accentuates the positive effect on the improvement of a countrys money related part fair and square and the potential danger of misfortunes brought about by the antagonistic choice and good peril or exchange costs are contended by him how important the pace of development contends that budgetary segments gives of reallocating funding to limit the potential misfortunes. Observational proof from lord and Levine (1983) show that the degree of money related intermediation is acceptable indicator of since quite a while ago run paces of development, capital aggregation and efficiency. Upgraded liquidity of money related market prompts budgetary turn of events and speculators can without much of a stretch expand their hazard by making their portfolio in various ventures with higher speculation. Demiurgic and Maksimovic (1996) have discovered positive causal impacts of budgetary advancement on monetary development in accordance with the ‘supply driving theory. As indicated by his examinations nations with better budgetary framework has a smooth working securities exchange will in general develop a lot quicker as they approach genuinely necessary assets for monetarily obliged financial undertakings by the enormous productive banks. Related research was accomplished for as long as three decades concentrating on the job of monetary improvement in animating financial development they never viewed as about the securities exchange. An experimental investigation by Ming Men and Rui on Stock market record and financial development in China recommend that conceivable explanation of clear irregular connection between the stock Index and national economy in china. Clear unusual relationship might be a result of the accompanying explanation irregularity of Chinese GDP with the structure of its securities exchange, pretended by private area in development of GDP and disequilibrium of fund structure and so forth. The investigation was finished utilizing the cointegration strategy and Granger causality test, the general finding of the examination is Chinese fund showcase isn't assuming a significant job in financial turn of events. (Men M 2006 China paper). An article by Indrani Chakraborti dependent on the instance of India introduced in a class in kolkata in October, 2006 gives some data about the presence of since a long time ago run stable connection between stosk showcase capitalization, bank credit and development pace of genuine GDP. She utilized the idea of the granger causality subsequent to utilizing both the Engle-Granger and Johansen method. In her investigation she discovered GDP is co-coordinated with money related profundity, Volatility in the securities exchange and GDP development is co incorporated with all the discoveries the paper clarify that the in a general sense, monetary development is the reson for budgetary improvement in India.(Chakraboty Indrani). Not many authors from Malaysia found that financial exchange helps to foresee future economy. Securities exchange is related with financial development play as a hotspot for new private capital. Causal connection between the financial exchange and monetary development which was finished by utilizing the conventional test for causality by C.J. Granger and yearly Malaysia information for the period 1977-2006. The outcome from the investigation clarify that future forecast is conceivable by securities exchange. An examination concentrated on the connection between financial exchange execution and genuine monetary action in Turkey. The investigation shows presence of a since quite a while ago run connection between genuine financial action and stock prices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Result from the examination called attention to that monetary action increments after a stun in stock costs and afterward decreases in Turkish market from the subsequent quarter and a unitary (Turkish paper) A worldwide time arrangement investigation from 1980-1990 By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES gives some proof of the connection between securities exchange and monetary development. This paper depicts whether monetary development is encouraged by money related turn of events. He found that money related improvement has solid impact on financial development. (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) The investigation of Ross LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS on discovering the since a long time ago run connection between financial exchange and bank recommend a beneficial outcome both the factors has constructive outcome on monetary development. Universal coordination and instability isn't appropriately affected by capital securities exchange. What's more, private spare sparing rates are not in the least influenced by these monetary pointers. (Levine and Zervos 1998) Belgium Stock market concentrate with monetary advancement shows the positive since quite a while ago run connection between both the factors. In the event of Belgium the confirmations hush up solid that Economic development is brought about by the improvement of the securities exchange. It is progressively engaged between the period 1873 and 1935, essentially this period is considered as the time of quick industrialization in Belgium. The significance of the securities exchange in Belgium is progressively articulated after advancement of the financial exchange in 1867-1873. The time shifting nature of the connection between financial exchange advancement and monetary development is clarified by the institutional change in the stock trade. They likewise attempted to discover the relationship to the all inclusive financial framework. Before 1873 the monetary development depended on the financial framework and after 1873 securities exchange had the spot. (Financial exchange Development and monetary development in Belgium, Stijin Van Nieuwerburg, Ludo Cuyvers, Frans Buelens July 5, 2005) Senior business analyst of the World Banks Policy look into division Ross Levine has talked about Stock market in his paper Stock Markets: A Spur to financial development on the effect of advancement. Less hazardous ventures are conceivable in l

Attending an i-Program

Attending an i-Program Illinois Leadership Center This past school year, I had the opportunity to attend two different i-Programs through the Illinois Leadership Center. These programs focus on what it takes to be a great leader. The programs are free to university students and are typically held on Saturdays, and coffee, tea, and lunch are provided. Trained facilitators, alongside individual table leaders, guide attendees through program. Registration is available online. Rolls-Royce Innovation Last December, I attended the Innovate i-Program. The day began with registration. As I picked up my name tag and made my way to my assigned table, I found something stress-inducing at my seat: a Rubiks cube. I looked down at my cube for what felt like an eternity and, needless to say, did not complete it. By the time I gave up, I realized my table was full of other U of I students. Photo by Rachel Hernandez The conference was engaging and collaborative, and the day flew by. I found myself building relationships; the strangers who I started my day with are students I continue to keep in touch with. Oh, and the provided lunch was delicious, offering vegan options, sandwiches, salads, and soup. Innovate focused on the way we problem-solve, the skills needed to create, and the strengths each individual brings to a group. Everyone problem-solves in different ways. When we all bring our strengths together, problems can be solved more effectively and quickly. Through the guidance of our table leader, we were able to work through conflicts and resolve posed problems as a team. Petullo Insight Having had such a wonderful experience at my first i-Program, I decided to attend a second program in February. Similarly to Innovate, the insight conference began with registration and assigned tables. While I did not find a Rubiks cube at my seat, I did find a stack of post-it notes and was instructed to write my name on each. I then distributed my post-it notes around the room under large posters that read words like discipline, focus, and futuristic based on the results of my CliftonStrengths quiz. Photo from Illinois Leadership Center Once again, I was impressed and excited with the days agenda. The activities were challenging, riveting, and refreshing. It is rare that I am forced out of my comfort zone, and this conference did just that. But the most incredible part of the conference was that, even when I felt the most vulnerable, my table members raised me up and supported me. Insight focuses on self-awareness, personal strengths, and career matching. I grew close to my table team and, much like the first conference, continue to keep in touch with the friends I made that day. Upcoming Conferences All university students should make the time to attend an i-Program; i-Programs will challenge your thinking, help you in your academic career, and allow you to spend time with students from all around the world. To register for an upcoming i-Program, check out the Illinois Leadership Center website! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Female Circumcision Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Research has also identified that female circumcision is considered as an aspect of cultural identity. Notably, female circumcision to girls younger than 18 years in the United States is considered illegal. However, there is evidence that nurses in different health care institutions have handled patients who have undergone female circumcision (Berggren, Bergstrà ¶m, & Edberg, 2006). More specifically, there are reported cases of female circumcision affecting women’s reproductive functions. In the case of infibulation, childbirth becomes a difficult process, a factor that may compel medical practitioners to consider caesarean section. Nurses should Carry out Research of Cultures of Communities that Practice FGM In accordance with concepts developed by Madeleine Leininger, transcultural nursing promotes delivery of health care that conforms to the patient’s culture (Leininger, 2005). This compels nurses to undertake a rigorous study of different cultures in an effort to understand why female circumcision is a common practice. Transcultural nurses need to have diverse education on the cultural and religious beliefs that promote female circumcision. Although the practice has been considered a contravention of human rights, there is a salient need for transcultural nurses to understand the cultural views of communities that practice female circumcision. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Circumcision or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This is especially the case when nurses are handling patients who have developed complications from the procedure, but are in full support of their cultural practices (Heatherly, 2000). Developing a clear understanding of the culture of the communities that carry out female circumcision will help nurses have a different view of their patients who have been exposed to the procedure. Moreover, nurses need to understand the complications that result from the procedures. There is evidence that many nurses are unfamiliar with complications resulting from female circumcision. This explains why they have been unable to deliver efficient care. The purpose of the transcultural nursing is to ensure that patients receive efficient care that does not contradict their cultural beliefs. Moreover, cultural belief systems determine how individuals in that society view healthcare. Individuals from societies that practice female circumcision often present unique needs that are uncommon with other patients (Heatherly, 2000). This places emphasis on the need for nurses to acquire diverse knowledge and information concerning female circumcision if they are to practice transcultural nur sing.

Friedmans Family Assessment Essay - 2821 Words

Friedman Family Assessment Jessica Druin December 12, 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Denise Wilson Family Assessment Introduction A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) state, â€Å"By using a systematic process, family problem areas are identified and family strengths are emphasized as the building blocks for interventions and to facilitate family resiliency (p. 567). The following paragraphs will describe a family that has become more typical in this day and age. The family consists of a mother, a father, a five year old daughter, and a three year old son. The family that was chosen was interviewed as a family, but also individually. Family Assessment This†¦show more content†¦The only vegetables they had were canned vegetables. BAD does try to make a balanced dinner, but still uses frozen meals that are easier to prepare. BAD is a 29 year old caucasian female. She is 64 inches and 225 pounds. Her hair is uncombed and unwashed. She stated that since losing her job, and being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, she does not feel the need to look presentable every day. She said when she does leave the house that she does do her hair and makeup. She is needing surgery to remove her thyroid, but the family has already used up their allotted insurance money for the year, so they are waiting until January to have the surgery. MLD is 33 year old caucasian male. He is 68 inches and 195 pounds. He is well kept in appearance and has on slacks and a button down long sleeve shirt. He has just gotten off work. He said he usually works overtime, 12 hour days, to make extra income for the family. MLD also takes night classes two nights a week and is working on getting a bachelors in business to advance at his company. The two children are CED, and LRD. CED is 5 years old and is in kindergarden. LRD is 3 and will start kindergarden when he is 6. CED has childhood asthma, and has to have a breathing treatment every night before bed. She also has 2 rescue inhalers and has to take a pill every day. LRD is a healthy 3 year old boy with no diseases at this time. He has however had severalShow MoreRelatedFriedman Family Assessment1725 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman Family Assessment Darla Lauer NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP – BC Friedman Family Assessment The following is a study of a family using the Friedman Family Assessment. â€Å"Public health nurses must have skills to move competently between working with individual families, bridge relationships between families and the community, and advocate for family and community legislating and influence policies that promote and protect the health of populations†Read MoreNur405 Friedman Family Assessment1469 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment The Friedman Family Assessment is a tool used to assess the â€Å"family as a whole, as part of the whole of society, and as an interaction system† (Lancaster Stanhope, 2008, p. 569). The Friedman Family Assessment has certain assumptions for the families that are assessed with this tool. 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In this paper the subject to identify is a family assessment usingRead MoreEssay about Friedman Family Assessment1435 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) â€Å"Each family is an unexplained mystery, unique in the ways it meets the needs of its members and society† (p. 550). Family nursing is a special field that involves the nurse and family working together to achieve progress for the family and its members in adjusting to transitions and responding to health and illness. The Friedman Family Assessment Model serves as a guide in family nursing to identify the developmental stage ofRead MoreFriedman Family Assessment Essay examples2782 Words   |  12 PagesFriedman Family Assessment May 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Amy Weaver A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. 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Cheaper in the sense manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Mrs. Doubtfire1747 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Regarding the family unit, Friedman, Bowden and Jones (2003) states â€Å"This basic unit so strongly influences the development of an individual that it may determine the success or failure of that person’s life.† Due to the this influence it is vital to assess the family during the process of caring for a patient. Their environment, lifestyle and support system all have a tremendous effect on the healing process either good or bad. In this essay, the Hillard family from the movie Mrs. DoubtfireRead MoreEssay Family Power Debate1405 Words   |  6 PagesFAMILY POWERBASE IS DETERMINED BY THE FAMILY STRUCTURE MODERATOR (Nancy):   I am Nancy, moderator for Team C debate.  Ã‚   Family structure is different in every family. The  family  has consensus over who has the ultimate say on the day to day  decisions. 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Engineering Drawing Short Questions Free Essays

Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers? Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Drawing Short Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. Q2 – Name different types of drawing instruments. Ans2 – Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc. Q3 – Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line? Ans3 – The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout. Q4 – How will you test the set square and T-square? Ans4 – Testing of T-square – (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary (ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of Tsquare is alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife. Testing of set-squares – The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. Q5 – What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I. S. I. and which is suitable for drawing work? Ans5 – The standard size of sheets according to I. S. I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i. e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class. Q6 – What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? Ans6 – There are two ways of sh arpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing. Q7 – Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day? Ans7 – Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. Q8 – What is layout of drawing sheet? Ans8 – The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet. Q9 – Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? Ans9 – Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information. Q10 – List out the contents of title block and material list Ans10 – The title block should contain at least the following informations. (i) Name of the institution (ii) Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student (iv) Scale (v) Drawing number (vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection Q11 – What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Ans11 – Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner. Q12 – What do you mean by convention or code? Ans12 – The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw. Q13 – What do you understand by thickness of lines? Ans13 – There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. Q14 – Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing? Ans14 – The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object. Q15 – What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Ans15 – Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the dimension. Q16 – Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing? Ans16 – The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing. Q17 – What are the main requirements of lettering? Ans17:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences. Q18 – What is lettering? Ans18 – The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0 etc. is known as lettering. Q19 – What do you mean by composition of letters? Ans19 – The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement. Q20 – What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Ans20 – The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing. Q21 – What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Ans21 – Normal lettering: – The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0. 67 times of the height of the letter. Compressed lettering: – The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering: – The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height. Q22 – What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Ans22:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters. Q23 – What do you mean by single stroke letters? Ans 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types. 1) Vertical 2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal) Q24 – What is the gothic and roman lettering? Ans24 – Gothic lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering (ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined. Q25 – What do you mean by freehand lettering? Ans25 – The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. (iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. Q26 – What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering? Ans26 – HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines. Q27 – What is the importance of dimensioning? Ans27:-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements. 3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. Q28 – What is dimensioning? Ans28 – The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. Q29 – What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning? Ans29 – The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads, dimension figures, notes, symbols etc. Q30 – What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn? Ans30 – A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30? , 45? , and 60? but not less than 30?. Q31 – Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions. Ans31 – Size dimension – The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter ‘S’. Figure. Location dimension – The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w. r. t. the other feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter ‘L’. Figure. Q32 – What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning? Or What are the different methods of dimensioning? Ans32:-1) Aligned Method: – In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Figure. 2) Unidirectional Method: – In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions. Figure. Q33 – What are the general rules of dimensioning? Ans33:-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated. 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views. 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible. 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing. 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. Q34 – Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) circles (ii) radii (iii) angles (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes. Ans34 – Q35 – Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii) combined dimensioning. Ans35 – Chain Dimensioning – In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line. Figure. Parallel dimensioning – In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines. Figure. Combined dimensioning – Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensioning. Figure. Q36 – What is a scale? Ans36:-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the actual size of the object on a drawing. ) Full size scale:-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size on the drawing is known as full size scale. 2) Reducing scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. 3) Enlarging scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is known as enlarging scale. Q37 – What is the representative fraction (R. F. ) or scale factor (S. F. )? Ans37:-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the Representative fraction. R. F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object Q38 – What are the main uses of scale? Ans38 – The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice. (i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. (ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions. (iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q39 – What are the information necessary for scale? Ans39 – To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary. (i) The representative fraction (R. F. ) of the scale. (ii) The units to be presented either in metric or British measures. iii) The maximum length of the scale. Q40 – What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale? Ans40:-Plain Scale:-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm , m and dm, etc. Diagonal Scale:- A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0. 1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for example dm, cm, and mm. Q41 – What is the principle of a diagonal scale? Ans41: – The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts by following the diagonal division’s method of construction. Q42 – What is the difference between a quadrilateral and a polygon? Ans42 – Quadrilateral – A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines and containing four angles. Polygon – A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing more than four angles. Q43 – What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus? Ans43 – Parallelogram – A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are equal and parallel. Rhombus – A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal. Q44 – What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons? Ans44 – Regular polygon – A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal. Irregular polygon – An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not equal. Q45– Name the principal planes of projections. Ans45:-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are 1) Vertical plane: – The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by V. P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane. 2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V. P is called Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H. P. Q46:- What is the principle of projection? Ans46:-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object. Q47 – What is ground line (G. L. ) or intersection or reference line? Ans47:-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i. e. VP and HP is called reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line. Q48 – What is an auxiliary view? Ans48:-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is called auxiliary view. Q49 – What do you understand by missing lines? Ans49 – The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing of an object are called missing lines. Q50 – What do you understand by missing views? Ans50 – The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing of an object is called missing views. Q51 – What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing? Ans51 – The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an imaginary cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to show the interior details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside. Q52 – What is a cutting plane or section plane? Ans52:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their traces. Q53 – What are section or hatching lines? Ans53 – The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at 45? to the horizontal. Q54 – What do you mean by sections of solids? Ans54 – the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the invisible features are known as section of solids. Q55 – What is apparent section? Ans55:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section. Q56 – What is true section? Ans56:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the section. Q57 – How will you classify sections of solids? Or What are the different positions of a section plane w. r. t. two reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Ans57:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. 4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane. Q58 – What do you understand by V. T. and H. T. of section plane? Ans58 – Horizontal trace (H. T) – H. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H. P. Vertical trace (V. T. ) – V. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V. P. Q59 – What do you mean by Frustum? Ans59 – When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum. Q60 – What do you mean by truncated? Ans60 – When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. Q61 – What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Ans61 – The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Q62 – What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Ans62:- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve of intersection or interpenetration. Q63 – Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Ans63:- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) aeroplane construction (e. g. wings, fuse lags etc. ) (v) Automobile layout works (e. g. body wheel house, chairs etc. Q64 – Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Ans64:- 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method Q65:- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Ans65:-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface Q66 – What do you mean by development of surfaces? Ans66:- A layout of the com plete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its development or pattern. Q67:- What is stretch out or girth line? Ans67:- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. e. g. prisms and cylinders. Q68 – What is the principle of development? Ans68 – The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. Q69 – What are the different methods of development of surfaces? Ans69:- 1) Parallel line development 2) Radial line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method Q70 – Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined? Ans70 – The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. Q71 – What are the applications of development of surfaces? Ans71:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc. Q72 – What is a point? Ans72 – A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot. Q73 – What do you mean by octants? Ans73 – When the three planes i. e. H. P. , V. P. and P. P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. Q74 – What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B. I. S. now a days? Or What are the types of orthographic projections? Ans74:-First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be ituated in first quadrant, i. e. in front of V. P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection: – In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind VP . The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B. I. S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983. Figure. Q75 – Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Ans75 – The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. Q76 – When the auxiliary planes are used? Ans76 – The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. Q77 – What are the types of auxiliary planes? Ans77:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. 1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A. V. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP. Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A. I. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP. Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view. Q78 – Define a straight line. Ans78 – A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. Q79:- What is true length of a line? Ans79:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the ther, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. Q80 – What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Ans80:-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of a straight line. Q81:- What is inclination of a straight line? Ans81:-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i. e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with VP is represented by an angle . Q82 – What are the apparent angles of inclinations? Ans82 – The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. Q83 – Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line. Ans83:-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. Q84 – What are skew lines? Ans84:-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew lines. Q85 – What is the trace of a straight line? Ans85:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace. Q86 – Define a plane. Ans86:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only two dimensions i. e. length and breadth. Q87 – What is the difference between a plane and a lamina? Ans87:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q88 – What are the types of planes? Ans88:-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i. e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i. e. VP and HP are called oblique planes. Q89 – What is the trace of a plane? Ans89:-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i. e. HP and VP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes. 1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace. Q90 – What is a solid? Ans90 – An object having three dimensions i. e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E. g. Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc. Q91 – What are different types of solids? Ans91:- Solids may be divided into two main groups. ) Polyhedra or polyhedron: – A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges? 2) Solids of revolution: – The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of revolution. e. g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc. Q92:- What are right solids? Ans92:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces. Q93 – What are oblique solids? Ans93:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90? to its base or end faces, it is called as an oblique solid. Q94:- What are regular solids? Ans94:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid. Q95 – What is the difference between prism and pyramid? Ans95:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms. 2) Pyramid: – A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of triangular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the apex or vertex. Q96 – What are the various positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes? Ans96 – The following are the different positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes. (i) The solid resting on base on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to H. P. , and parallel to V. P. (ii) The solid resting on face on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to V. P. , and parallel to H. P. (iii) The solids resting on face on H. P. , with its axis parallel to H. P. and V. P. (iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other. v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i. e. , H. P. and V. P. Q97:- What is an isometric view? Ans97:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view. Q98:- What is an isometric scale? Ans98:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric scale. Q99 – What are isometric axis? Ans99 – The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120? ngles with each other are termed as isometric axis. Q100:- What are isometric and non isometric lines? Ans100:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines. Q101 – What are iso-metric planes? Ans101 – The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q102 – Give the various positions of isometri c axis. Ans102 – The various positions of isometric axis are as follows. Figure. How to cite Engineering Drawing Short Questions, Papers

Research Proposal Child Sexual Abuse and Represse Essays

Research Proposal: Child Sexual Abuse and Repressed Memories Kerrice Lawrence IDST 400 Dr. Gayle Thrift November 6, 2012 Introduction Child sexual abuse has been happening for eons. Unfortunately the molesting culprits are often close to the child and may include an elder brother and cousin, teachers, fathers or father figures as well as uncles. The children are intimidated allowing the culprit to continue these heinous acts while the child is silent. However a sexually abused child could exhibit some growth and development regression symptoms as their only unspoken defense away of the consequence of verbal communication. Needless to say, a child that suffers sexual abuse is also likely to suffer long term effects. Repressed memories have been known to re-emerge into the conscious mind often triggered by one event or a combination of events. The patient suffers recollection of some or all the traumatic encounters that they underwent as a child. These memories could either be partial leading the victim to probe the matter further or full memories of actual events, people and places. However, the question on the reality and accurateness of these memories is questionable. This research attempts to understand psychological and sociological perspectives on why some memories are repressed and others retained. Further, is to understand to understand how the memories of abuse can affect one's life. This research seeks to understand how these memories be recalled in a controlled environment that allows the victim to be able to deal with the tragic events and the people in their lives that committed such attrocities. Hypothesis That repressed memories are an in-built self-defense mechanism relied on by sexually abused children to protect them from emotional scars they are not able to deal with immediately un til such time as they are ready (Freyd, Schooler, Sivers, 2002) . To understand why some memories are retained while others are repressed and what may cause those repressed memories to be recalled into the concious mind set. Definitions Child abuse is defined as coital relations or any coital related activities with a child by a person with of considerable maturity, where the older party has influence over the child. It includes sexual touching such as penetration of the child, fondling; non-touching such as indecently exposing a child, masturbation while a child is watching, exposing a child to pornographic content; and exploiting children sexually by engaging them in pornography or using them to produce pornographic content (American Humane Association, 2011) . Children are often tricked or forced into such sexual acts. Repressed memories refer to when the mind, after experiencing a psychologically traumatic or devastating event, automatically resolves to lock out this event from being stored in the brain and consequently being remembered at a later stage. According to Sigmund Freud - who coined the term -, this would happen so as to ensure the affected person does not have to deal with the emotional trauma of the occurrence of the event. Repression is automatic and different from suppression which is intended or deliberate (Richmond, 2011) . P sychology refers to scientific attempt to understand human behaviour. It analyses behaviours and behaviour change in human beings. It delves into understanding why certain people behave in a certain way, what experiences may be attributed to certain behaviours et al. It further considers matters that may be going on in the unconsious mind that could be affecting or causing certain behaviour in a particular person. With this understanding, it seeks to heal behavioural problems that may emanate from experiences one has had in the past and whose effects are visible in the present. Sociology seeks to understand the social activities of human beings, their structure, development. It tries to understand their problems while attempting to offer a solution for them that would be amicable. It investigeates and critically anlyses social structure in an attempt to understand human beings, explaining the effects of events in human lives and the course a person is likely to take after suffering certain events (Weber, 1994) . Research Methodology and Design To carry out my research I will carry out literature review of past works from sociologists who have conducted observations on victims who suffered abuse. I will concentrate on